Role of the Fool in King Lear Essay Example

Role of the Fool in King Lear Essay Wisdom and insight gives the ability to make common sense and to discern or judge what is true, right or lasting. Man is not logical and his intellectual capability is not complete without being compromised with wisdom and insight. In the play King Lear, William Shakespeare shows the journey of the once king of England as he falls from grace to despair.In his and insecure state King Lear steps out of his role by giving up all his power, reaches the peak of madness and loses his life just as he comes to understand it. The journey of King Lear of attaining wisdom and insight is necessary as he learns from the hardships of taking foolish actions in the beginning, progresses by realizing his mistakes and blindness, and gains wisdom and insight towards the end.In the beginning of King Lear, Lear steps out of his role and takes foolish actions and loses all influence by falling for the insincerity that surrounds him. King Lear begins the play by making the single, most foolish mistake of d ividing his kingdom and giving power to the wrong hands. The kings unwise decision of division based on the daughter who professes the most love for him causes the downfall of the play and starts his slippery slope towards madness. His actions are understood by all except himself as he asks the question, Who is it that can tell me who I am? (I, IV, 226) and is given the reply, Lears shadow. (I, IV, 227).Furthermore, Lear is blind to his two older daughters hypocritical pledges of love and is foolish enough to trust them with his livelihood. He values appearances over reality and cannot see the greed and motives of those who are supposedly closest to him. Regan and Goneril are both able to deceive him easily, as Lear hears only what he wants. Moreover, King Lear is quick to judgment of banishing not only his youngest and most beloved daughter, Cordelia, but also one of his most loyal servants, Kent. He cannot comprehend the sincerity of Cordelias echoed words of saying Nothing (I, I, 94) and then moves to strip her of his love and titles. Lears overreaction and foolish actions plainly show his getting old before becoming wise.As the plot of the play progresses, the fool acts as indirect guide to Lear who enables him to understand his situation as he learns of his blindness and madness and the forces working against him. Goneril and Regan surpass Lears threshold for sanity and he is thrown out into the elements and left to find himself. The fools first entrance shows the essence of his existence in the play. Lears descent toward madness is shown explicitly when he cries, O fool, I shall go mad! The fool indirectly leads the king acting as inner-conscience of the king. He draws the king towards and an example of this is when the fool exclaims to the king, Prithee, nuncleswim in.(III, IV, 113-114).The fool reveals truth and honesty to all. The fool shows the king the mistakes he makes as he expresses his thoughts about the decision the king made in the beginning, I have own breeches. (I, IV, 169-171). The king is blind to all this until the fool reveals it to him. The fool tells the king that he would be a good fool but if he was his fool he would have thee beaten for being old before they time. (I, V, 41). Through the guide of the fool acting as his inner conscience and revealing truth the king understand and realizes his own blindness.After being inspired by the fool, Lear realizes his new found insight, his ability to see beyond appearances, and understand his mistakes. In the end, Lear is finally able to notice how others have treated him. Through the mock trial he sorts out all the evil and comprehends all that happened during the play. It is after the trial that the fool leaves the play as his job is over and the king can see clearly for himself. Lear expresses his understanding when he says, they flattered me like a dog(III, VI, 112-116). He realizes his mistakes and regrets them.When Cordelia shows up he say, I pray weep notthey have not.(IV, VII, 81-85). In addition, he begins to see clearly of his surroundings. His ability to see is also evident towards the end when he finally recognizes Kent. In the end Lear gains wisdom and insight, however, dies out of a broken heart.King Lears journey can be traced through his absence of wisdom and insight which is replaced with the vital role of the fool who allows the king to come back to sanity with a clear insight of his surroundings. Through the play, King Lear, Shakespeare shows the necessity of the journey for gaining insight and wisdom. He portrays this in the role he gives to the fool of representing these two important qualities.Human beings tend to be misguided by their misinterpretations and lack of knowledge of their surroundings. It is not until they gain wisdom and insight that they begin to see through a broad and clear window. As is often done in reality, the life of King Lear is shaped by his own hands and his inability to make the wise decision at the b eginning of it.

race relations in america essays

race relations in america essays Somewhere in time America has seemed to have lost the ultimate goal of equal rights, and truly equal rights. In the early sixties great men took the stage in order to start paving the way to equality in America. Now in the twenty- first century people all over this country has forgotten what equal rights actually means. Equal rights is supposed to ensure equality for all people. Somewhere along the line we surpassed equal rights and have now begun to oppress whites. Through government programs such as affirmative action, race classification and his whole politically correctness idea, America has tipped the scales of oppression towards the whites of America. In 1973 a thirty-three year-old Caucasian male named Allan Bakke applied to and was denied admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. In 1974 he filed another application and was once again rejected, even though his test scores were considerably higher than various minorities that were admitted under a special program. This special program specified that 16 out of 100 possible spaces for the students in the medical program were set aside solely for minorities, while the other 84 slots were for anyone who qualified, including minorities. What happened to Bakke is known as reverse discrimination. Bakke felt his rejections to be violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment, so he took the University of California Regents to the Superior Court of California. It was ruled that "the admissions program violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The arguments for and against the special admissions program are complicated. The arguments for special admissions and affirmative action are described by Dr Howard Stelcher former sociology professor at Harvard: Because of past injustices, compensation should be granted to minorities, and one possible form is as affirmative action, ...

Mark Twain Essays - Mark Twain, Picaresque Novels, Lecturers

Mark Twain Essays - Mark Twain, Picaresque Novels, Lecturers Mark Twain Russell 1 Jami Russell Mr. Saylor English 3 HN 18 November 1999 Mark Twain had an extreme love for the Mississippi River. His dreams were of becoming a steamboat pilot. Twain inspired others as they looked to him with great knowledge. He wanted to come home in glory as a pilot more than anything. Events in Mark Twains life come out in his writings and they are displayed in Life on the Mississippi. Mark Twain was the first American that appeared west of the Mississippi River. He was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens on November 30, 1835. Twain lived along the Mississippi River in the town of Hannibal until the age of eighteen. After his fathers death in 1847, Twain became an apprentice at two Hannibal printers. Most of Twains childhood is displayed throughout his work. He recalled his past in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (De Veto 51). Twains career began when he was only eleven years old. He worked by editing copies. In 1861 Clemens served briefly as a volunteer soldier in the Confederate cavalry. Later that year he accompanied his brother to the newly created Nevada Territory, where he tried his hand at silver mining. After moving to San Francisco, California, in 1864, Twain met American writers Artemus Ward and Bret Harte, who encouraged him in his work. Later he found a job as a reporter at Territorial Interprise (52). Mark Twain had a life full of writing and full of dreaming. Twain had always dreamed of becoming a steamboat captain and he knew that one day he would accomplish that goal. He viewed the sight of the mighty Mississippi River as steamboats passed with all aspects of humanity. Twains dream of becoming a pilot never faded, although many other dreams did. Twain had a passion for the steamboats on the Russell 2 Mississippi River. A pilot was an important and popular way of living. Others thought that it was the best road to take for a career. Mark Twain was determined to become a steamboat pilot, and he would not return home until he had achieved this. He day-dreamed as a child and an adolescent about being a great pilot. Horace Bixby gave Samuel Clemens the name Mark Twain because it meant a depth of twelve feet. Twain wanted to navigate the Mississippi River. He paid Horace Bixby five hundred dollars to teach him how to achieve this (Bloom 155). Not only did Mark Twain have the ability to make others laugh, but he expressed his thoughts about life and his traumatizing realizations of the past through humor in his works. Twains style of humor has traveled throughout the world over the years. His broad but subtle humor was tremendously popular (165). Life on the Mississippi is more than just a book about life on the river. It is also reflections on Twains life. This book is a true experience of Mark Twains traumatizing childhood. It was also a book that was referred to as his steamboat book. Life on the Mississippi combines an autobiographical account of Twains experiences as a river pilot with a visit to the Mississippi nearly two decades after he left it. The whole town got excited when a steamboat was coming down the river. The Mississippi River is seen as the genius Loci of Mark Twains imagination. Twain was also a realist when writing his novels. Others became jealous of Twain and his accomplishments (De Veto 52). Not only his dreams but also his fears of the past were a part of this book. In other works of Twain, there was confusion about the audience that would and should be attracted to it. Some of his books were humerous for children but also serious issues for adults. While writing the books The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain was not sure if these were childrens books or those for adults. In these writings Twain stated that this was a new way of writing because the literary language was based on the slang of the American society. It took years of writing for the Russell 3 completion of these books and they were thought of as masterpieces that could not be outdone by any other works. The book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Hucks adventures provide the reader with a view of American life along the Mississippi River before the Civil War. Twains skill in capturing the rhythms of that life help make the book

Usage That Provokes Blackboard Moments

Usage That Provokes Blackboard Moments Usage That Provokes Blackboard Moments Usage That Provokes Blackboard Moments By Maeve Maddox The comments on my post about writing dates with or without terminals got me thinking about the way everyone who speaks English reacts strongly to at least one word or point of usage. The different ways that people write a date seem to excite curiosity without making anyone angry, but sometimes words or expressions evoke annoyance so intense as to constitute rabid aversion. (Im thinking of the responses provoked by my article on couldnt care less.) By a blackboard moment I mean a physical reaction similar to what we feel when the teachers hand slips and we hear a fingernail scrape against the board. Here are some of the words, pronunciations, spellings and expressions that produce blackboard moments of various intensities in me. (The preferred form is in parentheses.) standing on line (standing in line) light something on fire (set something on fire) Me and my friends swim. (My friends and I swim.) in hopes of (in the hope of) pronouncing the word pecan with a long e and a short a: /pee can/ (instead of with a schwa and the a of father: /pe kahn/) pronouncing the t in Bill Clinton (he pronounces his name with a glottal stop: /klin?n.) seperate (separate) dalmatien (dalmatian) shepard dog (shepherd dog) cemetary (cemetery) its tail (its tail) In that incidence he was right. (In that instance he was right.) Do you want some sandwich? (Do you want part of a sandwich?) How about you, Gentle Reader? What in the speaking or writing of English produces a blackboard moment for you? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†50 Tips on How to Write Good

Take-Home Final Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Take-Home Final - Assignment Example The species had a pelvis that demonstrated its join tree-climbing and bipedal movement adaptations. Its skeleton reproduces a human-African primate common ancestor, which does not appear like a chimpanzee (Lieberman 34). The scientists discovered the fossils next to faunal remains that indicated this species inhabited wooded surroundings. Scientists have established that Australopithecus afarensis grew fast to reach maturity earlier as compared to modern humans. This species displays characteristics that are similar to humans and apes. Australopithecus afarensis had a flat nose, projecting lower jaws, as well as a small brain, which is approximately a third of a modern human’s brain (Lieberman 48). The species had adaptations that enabled it to live on trees along with the ground. First, Australopithecus afarensis and modern Homo sapiens have a body that stands on two legs. Second, both these species had the ability to walk upright. Third, Australopithecus afarensis along with modern humans possess straight fingers (Lieberman 48). Modern humans can implement alterations in their brain sizes and organization, which was an adaptation from Australopithecus afarensis to adjust behavior patterns and ways of life. This approach is necessary because the exceptional brain improvement makes a significant contribution to mental abilities related to individual knowledge (Lieberman 48). According to scientific discoveries concerning Homo erectus, the species had body proportions that were similar to modern humans. Homo erectus possessed lengthened legs with shorter arms, which are significant adaptations that enabled them to live on land. Their adaptations explain their capability to walk and run for longer distances that were efficient in hunting and gathering (Lieberman 68). This species has been linked to originality of stone tool technologies like hand axes. Modern humans inherited body

What impact, if any, are sculpture parks and gardens having on the art Essay

What impact, if any, are sculpture parks and gardens having on the art world of today - Essay Example Jean-Francois Lyotard argues that realism in art is a form of conformism, and that the task of the modern artist is to produce â€Å"incommunicable statements† which cannot be fitted in to the easy flow of information within computerized society. In his ‘Appendix Answering the Question: What is Postmodernism?’, published at the end of The Postmodern Condition, he wrote that the â€Å"only definition† of realism is that â€Å"it intends to avoid the question of reality implicated in that art† (1979). It is associated in this account with those who â€Å"pursue successful careers in mass conformism by communicating by means of the ‘correct rules,’ the endemic desire for reality with objects and situations capable of gratifying it† (Lyotard, 1979, p. 75). This uncritical use of established methods of representation is contrasted with ‘avant-garde’ art, which, he argues, uses experimental innovations in technique and stru cture to attempt â€Å"to make visible that there is something which can be conceived and which can neither be seen nor made visible† (Lyotard, 1979, p. 78). This â€Å"something that can be conceived but not seen nor made visible† is often referred to as the sublime, a quality of transcendent greatness â€Å"with which nothing else can be compared and which is beyond all possibility of calculation, measurement or imitation† (Wikipedia, 2006). The presence of this sublime element, then, inspires the imagination in a specific direction based on which elements remain visible or understandable.

Comparing Iodine Based Contrast Drugs for Acute and Late Allergic Article

Comparing Iodine Based Contrast Drugs for Acute and Late Allergic Reactions - Article Example After reading this article, both the patients and the technologist will understand risk of contrast reactions, the frequency of occurrence of such risks, the associated side effects, and through this they will understand ways of minimizing the occurrence of ICM. This will ultimately help them to come up with an appropriate plan to manage and treat the ICM reactions effectively. Introduction Iodinated contrast media are one of the most injectable drugs radiology. Reactions from intravenous injections are either mild or self-treated. Most modern iodinated contrast media are used almost in any part of the body. It is because they are often used intravenously although they can be administered intraabdominally, intrathecally and intraarterially. They are reported to be safe and with mild and self-limiting adverse effects. Nonetheless life-threatening or severe reactions can occur. Radiologist who get involved in using iodinated contrast drugs should be aware of the associated risk factors for contrast media reactions. They need to be aware of the strategies to help minimize adverse events and must be prepared to promptly manage and recognize them. Iodinated contrast media can be categorized into four groups namely (1) ionic dimers (lower carboxyl group toxicity; lower osmotoxity: ration 3),include ioxaglate, (2) Ionic monomers (highest carboxyl group toxicity; highest osmotoxicity ration 1.5), Diatrizoate, ioxythalamate, metrizoate, iothalamate, and iodamide, (3) Nonionic monomers (no carboxyl group toxicity; same osmotoxicity as the ionic dimers), include hydroxyl groups: metrizamide iopromide, hydroxyl groups: iomeprol, iopetnol, ioxitol, and iopamidol), hydroxyl group: ioversol, iohexol), (4) Non ionic dimers (no carboxyl group toxicity; lowest osmotoxicity: hydroxyl group (iodixanol), and hydroxyl group: iotrolan. This literature review of scientific articles aims at evaluating whether there were variations in iodine based contrast drugs for acute and late aller gic reactions, other side effects and their frequency. Materials and methods Selection of Random Controlled Trails (RCTs) investigating immediate or non-immediate allergic reactions, other side effects and frequency of iodine based contrast (Iodinated contrast media (ICM)) were considered for inclusion. Iodine based contrast was defined as intravenous contrast (radiocontrast) agents based on iodine. Comparing Iodine Based Contrast Drugs for Acute and Late Allergic Reactions, and other side effects and their Frequency Results and Discussion Iodinated-based Contrast Drugs/Media (ICMs) for Acute and Allergic Reactions. Iodinated contrast media (ICMs) are one of the injectable drugs that are most commonly used. Recent studies have shown that each year more than 70 million iodinated contrast media are administered worldwide. ICMs are derivatives of tri-iodinated benzene. Due to the tri-iodinated benzene derivative, ICMs are characterized by non-ionic or ionic side chains and the dimeric or monomeric ring structure. Non-ionic monomers seem to be less complicated than the non-ionic dimaers in NHR, although some studies indicate that there is no difference between non-ionic dimers and non-ionic monomers. According to the iodine

History wk 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History wk 11 - Essay Example This meant that many of the self-help books and programs were created during this post-modern period. Gergen (2000) suggests that modernists believe that the world is split into two areas – one where material things exist in the outer world and the other where the mind takes over the inner world. He suggests that we still have to see the total person, but they also have to understand how the world works. I think the two differ in the fact that the modernist period grew out of the Western world’s view of psychology. It assumed that all of the world looked the same as it did to Westerners. Of course, we know that this is not true and that there are many times where culture is important. When looking at aging, I would think that we are still in the age of post-modern because we expect that as people get older and more frail, that there will be others to take care of them if they cannot stay with their families. In many other cultures, the elderly are taken care of by the f amily until they die. Modernists would see aging as something to be observed and they would look at the possibilities of how they may help the elderly live a better life.

Research mothodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research mothodology - Essay Example The qualitative method is founded on a sound theoretical basis whereby a comprehensive literature review aimed at exploring the research topic is included. The theoretical aspect of the research in turn focuses on two key aspects, which include formulating a typology and analysing the current approaches and processes, employed by small firms. The deduction of the typology is used to help in embodying the findings and conclusions observed from previous research studies on similar topics. The observations made therefrom are likely to contribute immensely in arriving logical conclusions. The quantitative method, which is based on empirical data, includes collecting primary data through survey method, which involves collecting the necessary data through questionnaires. These include semi-structured questions aimed at managers of SMEs in the UK. The effectiveness of any research methodology is based on the philosophical underpinnings with regard to the approaches adopted. It also depends on the appropriateness of the research methods implemented and the level of accuracy of results derived therefrom against the knowledge required for the given study. Hence, the key assumptions made of crucial significance for conducting and for achieving effective evaluation of the data collected. This chapter aims to discuss the philosophical assumptions, the design strategies, research approaches and strategies used for the purpose of this study. Furthermore, this chapter also discusses the research instruments used, the methods of data collection and methods of analysis of the data used in this study. A research approach comprises of detailed plans and processes that elaborates on the broad assumptions with regard to the research topic and the detailed methods applied for data collection, analysis as well as interpretation (Crewel, 2013: p. 3). For the purpose of this study, different

Galileo on religion and science Essay Example for Free

Galileo on religion and science Essay Explain Galileo’s attempt to make science and religion compatible, with particular reference to methods of justification. How successful is he? Use Kuhn’s notion of incommensurability to investigate Galileo’s attempt to reconcile the propositions of science and religion. There will always be a battle between religion and science, it is a truth universally acknowledged. Galileo attempted to make the two compatible by suggesting that the truth can only be sought out if the notion under consideration can be accurately tested and if the opposing view can be founded as false. Galileo’s goes into depth about the truth of scripture and the sciences, intertwined with the reason of man, in his letter to Christina of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Early on in the letter Galileo, infers from St Augustine that the Holy Ghost did not intend to teach â€Å"how heaven goes† rather â€Å"how one goes to heaven†. Galileo interprets this as the underlying basis for the â€Å"common† people to believe that man should not concern themselves with science and that it is against the Bible, and therefore blasphemous. Furthermore this misconception is continued, as Galileo believes that the â€Å"common† people understand the truth in the Bible is largely to do with one’s salvation and other physical things such as whether the Sun or Earth are mobile, are irrelevant. From this Galileo leads on to discuss that â€Å"physical problems† are able to be solved through â€Å"sense-experiences† and reason, as well as the â€Å"authority of scriptural passages† highlighting that either are valid to contain the truth. Galileo argues that God gifted man with the power of reason and logic, so that they would be able to discover and learn about his creation. God did not â€Å"set bounds to human ingenuity† so why should the church impose them, by discrediting and prohibiting some of the greatest work of philosophers and scientists? Galileo had two types of physical propositions: those that are able to be subjected to tests and experiments and those that can only be conjectured about; and these are best left to faith and Holy Scriptures. Galileo did not believe that everything in the universe was known to man, he believed that there were more truths to be discovered. He did not agree that â€Å"free-philosophizing† should be shunned, because the Holy Ghost states that â€Å"man cannot find out the work that God hath done from beginning even to  end†. Galileo is not satisfied by this and urges others to not side with the common opinion of the scriptures, to the point where it blocks logic and reason, and ultimately truth. He highlights this by using the Sun and the Earth: the debate about the still Sun and the mobile Earth, as many come to believe – â€Å"it was most absurd to believe otherwise†. This is because Nicholas Copernicus provided evidence for his claims which were reasonable and logical; that it was â€Å"plain as daylight†. Galileo stresses the importance of not bending the word of God to fulfil ones â€Å"foolish fancies† i.e. one should guard themselves against deliberately misinterpreting the Holy Scripture to suit their own end. The repetition of this (citing scripture to back up their skewed claims) will lead to the inevitable adoption of this understanding and consequently missing the true mean behind the scriptural passages. This is what Galileo means when he refers to as the â€Å"v ulgar† and â€Å"common† people, sometimes misinterpret the holy writings of the Bible â€Å"to fulfil their foolish fancies†. Because of this Galileo advocates the importance for mankind to step away from information that just concerns salvation and to broaden their horizons; most importantly, to not be afraid of the truth. By this he suggests that Holy Scripture and explanations of physical things have their own place in the world and that man should keep an open mind to explore both, because both are valid sources of the truth. He goes on to say that God did not intend for his Word to be misinterpreted like this and the true meaning to be obscured, and this â€Å"sort of abuse† should not â€Å"gain countenance and authority†. However as Galileo stated it is â€Å"more pleasant to gain a reputation for wisdom† without experiments and research than it is to pursue science and produce evidence for these physical observations. Galileo is thankful to God because he does not allow the majority of these â€Å"common folk† as stated above to have all the authority, some learned people too have authority. Galileo is not speaking blasphemy, he is suggesting there is a place for both Holy doctrine as well as scientific doctrine and he attempts to prove this. Galileo is concerned with obtaining the truth about the world we live in, whether religion provides an answer or science. This is evident in the letter when he is discussing the â€Å"celestial bodies† concerning the work of Copernicus. Galileo believes that it would be wholly unjustified to ban  Copernicus’ work after it has been confirmed over the years, he puts it: â€Å"in my judgement to be a contravention of the truth† if this were to occur. Basically Galileo believes if something is true, the basis of the truth either, religious or scientific is equally creditable. He further states that if scientific fact is unattainable, it must be a thing of faith and religion; â€Å"where human reasoning cannot reach† and there â€Å"is no science but only opinion of faith† the truth must be in the Scripture. This is demonstrated in the letter â€Å"whether the stars are animate† or â€Å"whether or not the heavens are spherical†. Galileo believes that ultimately that the science behind a phenomena will equate to the Scripture that describes it; â€Å"the true senses of the Bible† â€Å"will most certainly be found to agree with the proven fact†. He further goes on to admit, that at first the two may seem completely different and closer scrutiny is required. Galileo proves his point further by stating that â€Å"two truths can never contradict each other† ultimately, the religious and scientific, must both be compatible for something to be proven true. The matter of Galileo’s success is dependent largely on his era and the audience. Being a follower of God as well as a man of science and a philosopher, Galileo had to come to terms with both his beliefs and what his physical senses and reasoning told him about the world. He achieved this by describing that the facts produced by reasoning will equal the truth held in the Scripture; both religion and science were correct. However, this was conditional: the Holy Scripture should not be misinterpreted and the notion under consideration should be tested through logic. Following this Galileo, believed that the understanding held by an individual of the Holy Scripture, chiefly relied upon how leaned such a person was and their capacity to understand the true meaning of the Scriptural passages. Primarily Galileo could not disregard the Bible wholly: firstly, as mentioned above he himself believed greatly in God and secondly the people of the time were immersed in the religion from infancy it was to them, â€Å"common† knowledge and the truth about the world. Given this Galileo had to find a solution to please both religious beliefs whilst allowing scientific inquiry and philosophising to occur. As he describe the â€Å"vulgar† and â€Å"common† people may shun his ideas, because they do not accept anything that is not Holy Scripture, and believe Galileo and other scientists and philosophers to be blasphemous. However Galileo attempts to  make sense of this by discussing that perhaps they misinterpreted the Bible and consequently the true meaning (which is compatible with science) is lost to them, that it is beyond their capacity to comprehend. It is remarked by Galileo: â€Å"people who are unable to understand both the Bible and the sciences far out number those who do understand† – perhaps this is Galileo commenting on his own success; that he is only able to reach people if they understand the true meaning of Scripture and are capable of understanding the sciences. Galileo in his attempt to reconcile the propositions of both religion and science, it is evident that he employed Kuhn’s measures of perpetual incommensurability. The evidence acquired via observation is an insufficient basis for theory comparison, due to the inherent idea that perceptual experience is theory dependant. Basically, one’s ability to develop a theory is based on their previous life experiences; whether it be from actual physical events, emotional or spiritual events. All play a role in the development of a theory, which is formed based on how an individual sees the world and what they conclude about it. This in mind, it can be observed that Galileo’s religious upbringing and his adulthood, greatly influenced his views on religion and science. Galileo believed that Holy Scripture and the sciences were compatible; it can be inferred from his letter (as previously discussed) that when human reasoning is unable to provide an answer than it must be left to faith. Extrapolating on this one may conclude that Galileo could be suggesting that the true meaning of science was written in the Bible and God gifted humans with the power to reason, to ultimately find out the truth of the world, of creation. It is this notion that people may find it hard to come to terms with because, it was believed that God did not want humans to discover the truth. However, Galileo questioned (as did many others) why then did God bestow reason and logic on humans? This ultimately drives Galileo in his quest to make religion and science compatible. This reflects the perpetual incommensurability of Kuhn; that one’s background will inevitably colour their perception, as demonstrated by Galileo’s attempt to reconcile religious faith and the s ciences. Reference list All in text citations and all information about this essay were sourced from the following: ATS2867, Thinking about Science Study guide and Readings, Monash University, 1998: 15-30;51-66.

Case Study: Goal Orientated Counselling Treatment

Case Study: Goal Orientated Counselling Treatment Case Study Scenario #1 Angela Townsend Scenario Mario is an illegal alien from Mexico. He has lived in the U.S. for five years and worked various construction jobs in the South. Mario’s family stayed behind in Mexico so he struggles with loneliness and has a poor social network except for an outreach ministry at a local Catholic Church. Mario was pulled over and charged with a DUI. He was sent to your agency for mandatory counseling in addition to attending a drug treatment support group like Alcoholics Anonymous. Personal Information In counseling, the first session is very important. As a counselor, it is important to collect as much information from the client as possible. The initial intake with Mario will take about an hour to gather as much about his background and personal information. Also, I would like to get family history, his educational background, any work skills, as well as his current living conditions in order to begin forming his taxonomy needs. The case clearly reveals that Mario now lives in United States away from family for the past five years and worked at various construction jobs. According to Mario, his family stayed in Mexico and he is struggling with loneliness not being with his family. I want to learn as much about Mario as possible to give him the best possible solution to his situation. Utilizing Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as a premise for disclosure, I can construct needs evaluation that arranges needs as far as characteristic, extraneous, and significance (Maslow, 1943). By evaluating Mario’s needs against Maslow’s hierarchy, I can start finding what is inadequate in Mario’s life which has made the issues he is encountering. Case in point, being isolated from his family is belonging need. Everyone has a need of belonging and this is a physical interconnected need. A need to get affection and recognition as well as being wanted as a person (Maslow, 1943). Based on the information, it seems that this need is not being met, it is showing in his conduct and actions. Personal Biases and Limitations In Mario case study, I would need to consider my own predispositions and restrictions carefully. It is very crucial for a counselor to be as honest as possible about their limitations. As a Christian, I understand the importance of taking care of our bodies according to the Word of God (I Corinthians 6:19-20, NKJV). Our bodies are the temple of God and doing harm to the body either psychically or profoundly could be harming to the soul. One of the real inclinations that I have is with the alcohol and drug addiction treatment. The major problem I have in regards to the addition treatment that people believe that the 12-Step Model does not work. It does if you work it properly. Will power alone cannot do it. This program is based on Christian concepts, even though there is a failure rate in this program, but I do believe it will work for Mario if he allows it to. One thing I do not like is that alcohol and drug addiction is called a disease in which it is not. It is a choice that peopl e make. In this world, we are given choices to make every day. We have the choice to do right or we have the choice to do wrong but the ultimate decision is ours. This is an addiction not a disease. A disease is inward in which sometimes you did not have a choice such as breast cancer. A person did not make a choice to have breast cancer. Drinking alcohol is outward; it is a choice a person makes. It takes faith to be delivered from alcohol and drugs. I tend to believe that people with alcohol or drug problem are more responsible for their condition. No one can want recovery for them. The person must want it and be willing to do what is necessary to heal. When counseling clients, it is important for me to inform my clients of my personal core values and beliefs about my faith in God giving the client the information to make an informed decision to continue counseling sessions Goals Goals should be attainable in Mario’s case. Mario reports of loneliness because not being with his family. He also has poor social skills. He is not a citizen of the United States and have worked various construction jobs. There are several goals that can be implemented for him to achieve. The first thing for him is to do is attend an AA meeting group, which is required by the court for alcohol and drug treatment. I believe signing up for the Alcoholics Anonymous 12-step program will not only help him develop other relationships but also help him to make better decisions in life. This program will help Mario take control back in his life. The main purpose of him attending these meetings is to see that he is not alone. Loneliness is a human response to being alone because God created humans with a need for relationship. Feelings of loneliness can be helped. Lonely people can attend church (Hebrew 10:25), be a friend to someone else (Proverbs 18:24), listen to Christian music, and pray for God to wok in and through them to take away the lonely feelings. It is very important for Mario to learn how to deal with stressors. Everyone has a need of belonging. In Mario’s case, she will be encouraged to find an activity that will force her to associate with other people. The goal is to get into a situation where other people will get to know him. Since Mario is part of his local church outreach ministry, I will encourage him to get more involved and be committed to it for no less than three months if he is open to incorporating the Word of God in his life more deeply. Too many people leave friends, jobs, or organization because of being offended. I am not sure if this is the case with Mario for the reason to work at various constructions jobs. The important thing is to have a goal in mind to keep him employed. Theoretical Approach The psychodynamic approach I believe will be the most effective in Mario’s case. Mario has a few fundamental issues that are occurring which should be analyzed. Being separated from his family and disengagement from his community is one of the biggest issues. The approach of dealing with these issues Mario is facing would be to utilize journaling as a method for convey mindfulness and control to Mario’s conduct and contemplations (Howes, 2011). At the beginning of each session with me, I will have Mario record anything of significance and importance to him, positive or negative occasions or sentiments that have happened between sessions. It is imperative that Mario and I meet weekly until he accomplished his goals. I would also urge Mario to search out other support group resources because this would give him the required support he needs. Therapeutic Progress and Success The objective is for Mario to achieve his goals. When Mario get involved in a support group and get into healthy activities this should satisfy his need of belonging. All people need to feel like they belong According to Ephesians 1:4-6,which states explicitly that we are chosen for belonging with God, â€Å"just as He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be hold and without blame before Him to love, having predestined us to adoption as sons by Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the good pleasure of His will, to the praise of the glory of His grace, by which He made us accepted in the Beloved.† The measure of this achievement is fairly subjective on the grounds that it will be based on his journaling and the assessments of his present way of life. An example, if Mario developed healthy relationships this will reflect his conduct and possibly diminish his drinking. Conclusion The issues that Mario was facing was a great negative impact on his life. Advising Mario with goal oriented counseling approach will keep him on track. Mario must make a decision to stay on track to improve his life. By doing so, he will diminish the drinking problem especially when he gets involved actively in support groups as well as his church ministry. Through regular counseling sessions with Mario, I will be in a position to develop an intervention plan that will lead him to a solid and satisfying life. References ACA Code of Ethics (2015): American Counseling Association, Alexandria, Virginia Corey, G. (2010). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. (8th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Howes, R. (2011, January 26). Journaling in Therapy Supersized therapy? Write on! . Retrieved from Psychology Today: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-therapy/201101/journaling-in-therapy Khantzian, E. J. (1986). A contemporary psychodynamic approach to drug abuse treatment. The  American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 12(3), 213-222. LeBeauf, I., Smaby, M., Maddux, C. (2009). Adapting Counseling Skills for Multicultural and Diverse Clients. Compelling Counseling Interventions: VISTAS , 33-42. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from York University, Toronto, Ontario : http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm Schmidt, C. D. (2014). Integrating Continuous Client Feedback into Counselor Education. The Journal for Counselor Preparation and Supervision , 6 (2), 2-12. Wilson, W. (2001). Alcoholics anonymous. New York, NY: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. Police Stop and Search Powers: Effects on Public Trust Police Stop and Search Powers: Effects on Public Trust Introduction The increased powers of stop and search afforded to the police by the Criminal Justice Act 2003 and Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) have seriously contributed to a lack of trust and confidence in the police service, particularly among ethnic minorities. This essay will focus particularly on how the new powers have been used more extensively on ethnic minorities, which undermines trust and confidence in the police particularly among these communities but also perpetuates ideas of corruption and racism. Stop and search powers have further contributed to the notion of over policing not simply because they lead to greater police intervention in individuals lives, but because it leads to a greater influx into the process of the criminal justice system as a whole, known as attrition, especially among ethnic minorities (Home Office 1998). Stop and Search powers: historical backdrop The history of stop and search powers has provided the context for increasing mistrust of police felt by ethnic minorities and the notion of over policing. PACE was enacted to deal with problems that had resulted from a perception on the part of the public that the previous powers granted to the police to stop and search potential offenders were far too broad. These rules were known as the Judges Rules (Ormerod Hooper 2009). These rules allowed police to stop, search, and then arrest a suspicious person without and need to have obtained a prior search warrant. It is empirically difficult to say whether it was due to actual over-use, or merely a perceived increased resort to this power when police were among the black community. As a result of the powers, there were race riots throughout various parts of the United Kingdom in the early 1980s which resulted in the Judges rules being repealed. Pursuant to PACE, the law states that a police officer must have reasonable suspicion before he has the legal grounds to stop a person and search them. These practices, which confer very broad and intrusive powers, are often seen as the most glaring example of abuse of police powers. Although now under PACE 1984 a stop and search power can be carried out only when there is reasonable suspicion that stolen property or prohibited articles are being carried, the grounds for reasonable suspicion as defined in PACE are not of a very high threshold (Sprack 2008). This has been reinforced repeatedly in the case law regarding police stop and search powers under anti terrorism. Parker v Hampshire Constabulary (1999) note the suspicion must be based on reasonable grounds. Lord Devlins words, a state of conjecture or surmise. He goes on the further add In my judgment this state of mind, suspicious but uncertain, was based on reasonable grounds. The relationship between mistrust and a lack of confidence in the police and the stop and search of ethnic minorities is most keenly felt. Police data for 1999/2000 found that there was a five-fold increase stop and search used on blacks than on white including the same pattern for stops under early Prevention of Terrorism legislation. In 1997, 7% of these stops were black which is a clear example of discrimination and further creates an idea of police racism, over policing and decreases confidence in the criminal justice system overall. Even when deploying these powers outside the Terrorism Act, police intrusion and formal action remains significantly greater where the suspect is not white. More stops, more searches and more intrusive searches lead to increased suspicion. (Hayman Newburn 2001). However there are problems concerning the methodology of this research. The methodology of calculating stop and search is questionable as it can be based on outdated census figures. It is submitted that rates should be calculated on available rather than resident populations then findings for black people and ethnic minorities were mixed, both under and over represented for different localities this research emphasises the need for caution in assessing disproportionality in stop and search. For example, ethnic minorities may be subject to direct discrimination in schools and therefore be excluded, becoming unemployed and therefore more being available to be stopped and searched by the police. Clothing and hoodies and even a certain car type that can be associated with ethnicity. These all contribute to the process of criminalization which increases stop and search, which further increases distrust in the police system and over policing of deprived areas based on what is at least as sumed to be police prejudice. However the 2000 British Crime Survey (BCS) found ethnic origin only a predicator for car stops not foot stops. Clements (2006) found in London, reasonable suspicion was often absent in use of stop and search often used not for detection but for intelligence gathering used by supervisors of the metropolitan police to measure performance in that the more stop and searches conducted, the more successful arrests that will be made and a police officer will gain credit within the police as being successful. What is required is official acknowledgement that stop and search powers must be regulated to safeguard the individuals right to privacy due to the danger extent of discretion and limitations of legal regulation coupled with vague notions of reasonable suspicion. This is further exacerbated by the fact that most stop and searches occur outside the supervision of the police station. The relationship between Stop and Search, Arrest and Over policing The role of stop and search has only one role in explaining the over-representation of black people in arrest and imprisonment statistics due to the fact that only a small minority of stop and search in ethnic minorities lead to arrest. This statistic can further represent the lack of trust and over policing due to the fact that these searches are deemed as, and witnessed to be unnecessary. Undoubtedly, the police use of stop and search powers makes at least a modest contribution to over-representation of blacks in arrest population, and a significant contribution to the increased arrest statistics which further leads to a notion of over policing among black areas. This perceived abuse of stop and search and poor response to racist victimization has lead to wide ranging loss of confidence in policing and undoubtedly public perception, particularly among ethnic minorities has been harmed by these negative interactions. Arrest PACE 1984 requires that reasonable suspicion that an offence has been committed exists before an arrest is made. There was a four times greater rate of expected arrest of blacks in 1999/2000 considering their numbers in general population (particularly for robbery 28%) and arrests for asians also higher than it was for whites (again in fraud and forgery). The fact that once having been arrested and in custody, ethnic minorities tend to exercise the right to silence, opt for legal advice and deny guilt. This can cumulatively disadvantage them in the criminal process, as least punitive outcome of an arrest, a caution, can only be given if guilt is admitted. This leads to higher rates of imprisonment and an even greater perception of over policing as these people become filtered in to the Criminal justice system (Phillips and Brown 1997). Black offenders are therefore both more likely to be arrested and more likely to be held in remand. Moreover being held in remand can mean that the magistrates court is more likely to refer their case to the crown court, which instantly makes their prospective sentence more likely to be serious. This clearly shows that whatever the subjective intent of officers, there is attrition process which results in incorporating more offenders into the net of the criminal justice. Most studies on the actual sentencing of ethnic minorities suggest there is little or no difference in practice but they do not take account of the aforementioned complex process of incorporating black suspects into the system. Hoods ground-breaking study in 1992 using a different 16-point methodology showed that 503 blacks were sentenced to custody when only 479 should have been making an overall increase of 5%, which, if employed in every Crown court in the country would make for serious racist discrimination. Hoods findings have, however, been criticised by Hakevy as having a 0.7% probability that the result was random as opposed to the normally accepted figure of 0.5% which indicates that results are above the level of random coincidence. The attrition process provides further evidence of discrimination against ethnic minorities with them being filtered in to the Criminal Justice System (CJS): ethnic minorities therefore comprise only 7.3% of those arrested but make up 12.3% of those imprisoned (Hood 1992). The cyclical nature of the CJS with reoffenders, who have been in custody before receiving harsher punishments further exacerbates the racist discrimination, leading to a cumulative disadvantage on the part of minorities (Phillips and Bowling 2002). Prosecutorial Decision -Making and Sentencing The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) potentially has the ability to divert individuals from further action after a police officer has officially charged a suspect. The CPS must consider whether there is a reasonable prospect of conviction and whether the case should proceed on public interest grounds. These grounds include the seriousness of offence and the involvement of defendant. Case Termination: A break on Criminalization? Only 2 research studies have examined whether these differ depending on ethnic origin. Phillips Brown (1997) 12% cases whites terminated compared to 20% blacks terminated and 27% against asians ethnic origin predicated an increased chance of case termination. This again reinforces that ethnic areas are being over policed, due to ingrained social ideas of racial criminality and institutional racism. It is submitted that this break should be taken note of and provides a real opportunity to change the publics view of over policing if it is used as an opportunity to decrease police stop and searches in ethnic areas. These studies raise serious questions about the use of stop and search powers in our criminal justice system as there is implied discrimination and presumption of guilt selectively applied by police. CPS break on criminalizing ethnic minorities can be explained because at this point in CJS discretion and subjectivity at minimum guided by stringent code for Crown Prosecutors. Pre-sentence processes: decision to remand or bail Remand prisoners are more likely to receive custodial sentences if found guilty cannot be presented in a positive light by smart dress or newly gained employment and unfortunately ethnic minorities are much less likely to be given bail (Hood 1992). This could merely be because ethnic minorities have an increased risk of being of no fixed abode this is apparently a neutral factor but it can still lead to the perception of over policing. The higher acquittal rates for blacks and asians, which are consistent with the case termination by CPS discussed above. This again raises questions about previous actions of police and leads to an even more entrenched mistrust of police action and allegations of over policing. Moreover pre-sentence reports where 16% written on black offenders and 11% on asians reinforced stereotypical attitudes to race. There have been documented higher rates of committal to Crown Court for ethnic minorities even before sentencing decisions are made, blacks face a m ore severe punishment than their white counterparts (Hood 1992). Sentencing Most studies suggest little or no difference exists between those from over policed areas (which tend to be areas dominated by ethnic minorities). However, these studies have a limited methodologically: it is almost empirically impossible to consider the wider range of legitimate legal factors which influence sentencing decisions, including subjective intention on the part of the judge. Hoods (1992) pioneering used 16 variables, which best predicted possibility of a sentence. 503 blacks sentenced when there should only have been 479, which was 5% greater probability of blacks being sentence: if practised in every court would show serious racial discrimination. The results of a study like this originate with over use of stop and search powers. Hoods findings provide clear evidence of discrimination which reinforces negative public opinion and mistrust of police and racially motivated over policing policies. Conclusion Over policing as in the proactive policing of areas populated by ethnic minorities does not go unnoticed and the greater use of stop and search powers creates bitterness and mistrust among these populations, which eventually undermines any positive work the police are trying to accomplish. The perception of over policing undoubtedly starts with the PACE 1984 stop and search powers, but as the offender progresses through the criminal justice system, and these powers are shown to have led to unnecessary arrests, the bitterness created by their use increases. It is difficult to think of a precise solution as the notion of reasonable suspicion, although an objective one in legal terms, is necessarily employed by the police based on their subjective judgment, which as a result of social factors and institutional racism, appears to be geared towards searching ethnic minorities. Mistrust is a two-way street and perhaps even contributes to increased criminality.

Is There a Real Difference Between a Neurosis and a Psychosis Essay

Is There a Real Difference Between a Neurosis and a Psychosis A major part of clinical psychology is the diagnoses and treatment of mental disorders. This can often be difficult and controversial due to the fact that many of the disorders can be confused with others; there aren’t always clear guidelines in which to follow. An example of this confusion can be seen in the disorders Neurosis and Psychosis. Neither neurosis nor psychoses appear as major categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). The main reason for this is that both categories were fairly broad and included a number of mental disorders with quite dissimilar symptoms. Consequently, mental health professionals did not always agree on the diagnosis for a particular patient. Neurosis is a functional (Psychogenic) disorder consisting of a symptom or symptoms caused, though usually unknown to the patient, by a mental disorder. The four commonest are Anxiety State, Reactive Depression, Hysteria and Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis. We all know what it is to feel anxious. Anxiety becomes abnormal when it is out of all proportion to the cause, or when it continues long after the cause has been removed. Patients with other mental illnesses often feel anxious from time to time, but the term anxiety neurosis is used to describe the illness in which anxiety is the main feature and the patient feels anxious all the time. Reactive Depression is a form of depression where the cause is known i.e. marriage break-up or bereavement. Reactive depression can be classed as a neurosis as it is an exaggeration of the normal expected response to such situations. In medical language the word Hysteria is used to mean that a symptom is beyond the patients control. If I have to take an examination tomorrow and to get out of it I ring up and say that I cannot attend because I am going to the dentist, I am malingering. I am quite deliberately telling a lie to get out of taking the examination. But if, on the morning of the examination, I wake up with a raging toothache although there is nothing wrong with my tooth, this is hysteria. There is nothing wrong, but the pain is genuine. I am quite truly incapable of sitting the examination. The symptom is out of my conscious control and has become hysterical. Hysterical symptoms always serve to get us out of som... ...ers, neurosis and psychosis, may appear small but they can help in the diagnoses and treatment of patients. It can be very difficult to treat a patient when the cause of their illness is unknown or when the illness itself is difficult to understand. It is for this reason that mental health professionals need to categorise mental disorders as clearly and concisely as possible. The DSM-III dropped the entries of neurosis and psychosis and split them down into subdivisions to try to enable better diagnosis but there is still confusion as to the differences between neurosis and psychosis. There is not only a difference between the two but also a difference in each individual case. Different things effect people in different ways and many people although share the same illness have completely different symptoms. Every case should be looked at individually and treated as such. Instead of looking for the best treatment for neurosis, it would be better to look for the best treatment for an individual. References Introduction to psychology - Atkinson - Hilgard - 1983 The science of mind and behaviour - Gross - 1999 The oxford companion to the mind - Gregory - 1987

Becoming A Stronger Person :: essays research papers

â€Å" Becoming a Stronger Person†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a story about a Black female growing up in the American South during the 1930’s and 40’s. Maya Angelou, the narrator and author of this book, writes about growing up in a society filled with racism and hatred. From rape to racism, Maya Angelou has experienced an immense amount of hardships and grievances her whole life. Through these experiences, Maya learns the true meaning of courage, independence, and trust; she realizes that the hardships and various experiences in one’s life can only make that person stronger in the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a child, Maya was a very quiet and passive girl who rarely spoke her mind. When she was younger, a couple of â€Å"powhitetrash† girls went into her grandmother’s store and harassed her. Maya was so scared that all she could do was curl herself up into a small corner and start crying; unable to stick up to those girls. However, her sudden development of courage is exemplified when she goes to visit her father in California. Maya gets into an argument with her father’s girlfriend, Dolores, and apparently, Dolores ends up calling Maya’s mother a whore. The â€Å"new† Maya, filled with anger, responded by slapping Dolores across the face. The small, reticent child had turned into a courageous, young woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early years of her life, Maya had always been pretty dependent on her grandmother or brother. However, when she got older, she realized that she needed to do something on her own. As a result, she went out and found herself a job. Being a black girl, finding a job was not simple, but she managed without giving up. Her sedulous work granted her the position as the first black trolley conductor in San Francisco. She had succeeded independently and did not give up without putting up a fight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maya’s one month stay in the junkyard taught her how to trust again. After the rape incident, Maya became very insecure and kept to herself most of the time. However, in the junkyard, she built a special camaraderie with her fellow run-away friends and was able to trust again. The open acceptance by her peers wiped away the feeling of insecurity that she had felt for such a long time. They initiated her into â€Å"the brotherhood of man†. They accepted Maya for the person she was inside; completely disregarding the color of her skin. Becoming A Stronger Person :: essays research papers â€Å" Becoming a Stronger Person†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a story about a Black female growing up in the American South during the 1930’s and 40’s. Maya Angelou, the narrator and author of this book, writes about growing up in a society filled with racism and hatred. From rape to racism, Maya Angelou has experienced an immense amount of hardships and grievances her whole life. Through these experiences, Maya learns the true meaning of courage, independence, and trust; she realizes that the hardships and various experiences in one’s life can only make that person stronger in the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a child, Maya was a very quiet and passive girl who rarely spoke her mind. When she was younger, a couple of â€Å"powhitetrash† girls went into her grandmother’s store and harassed her. Maya was so scared that all she could do was curl herself up into a small corner and start crying; unable to stick up to those girls. However, her sudden development of courage is exemplified when she goes to visit her father in California. Maya gets into an argument with her father’s girlfriend, Dolores, and apparently, Dolores ends up calling Maya’s mother a whore. The â€Å"new† Maya, filled with anger, responded by slapping Dolores across the face. The small, reticent child had turned into a courageous, young woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early years of her life, Maya had always been pretty dependent on her grandmother or brother. However, when she got older, she realized that she needed to do something on her own. As a result, she went out and found herself a job. Being a black girl, finding a job was not simple, but she managed without giving up. Her sedulous work granted her the position as the first black trolley conductor in San Francisco. She had succeeded independently and did not give up without putting up a fight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maya’s one month stay in the junkyard taught her how to trust again. After the rape incident, Maya became very insecure and kept to herself most of the time. However, in the junkyard, she built a special camaraderie with her fellow run-away friends and was able to trust again. The open acceptance by her peers wiped away the feeling of insecurity that she had felt for such a long time. They initiated her into â€Å"the brotherhood of man†. They accepted Maya for the person she was inside; completely disregarding the color of her skin.

Analysis of the General Environment Factors

Market Size and growth rate: Market size of the industry is 40 billon and the industry has been growing at the rate 20% during the period 2000-08. The industry is currently in the rapid growth and takeoff phase since many innovations are coming up and the industry is being attracted by many big corporate to enter in. Number of rivals: The industry is divided into two sub segments: routine tests and specialised tests. In routine test segment, the industry is fragmented into many small companies at the local and regional level. In specialised test segment, the industry is dominated by few large companies such as Piramal, SRL Ranbaxy, etc. Since there is low cost associated with setting up labs at local level and the industry has bright future prospects so it is attracting large number of local companies and also big corporate to enter the market. Scope of competitive rivalry: Most companies in this industry compete at local geographic area since there is less cost associated with setting up the labs in local areas and hence it is easy for local players to enter in the market. Moreover, routine market comprises of 61% of the total market share which includes large number of small players and hence the competition is fierce at local level. Also, companies present globally have competitive advantage in terms of high end technology since it requires large investments which is not afforded by small players. Therefore looking at the long term perspective, globalisation is conducive for the increase in bottom line. Number of buyers: There are two types of buyers: doctors and patients. But most patients visit diagnostic centres only on the recommendation of doctors. Therefore referring doctors enjoy discretionary power to refer the patients to any diagnostic centre. Also the number of local diagnostic centres are many and doctors refer the patients where they have tie up and one which provide them better incentives. Therefore doctors enjoy high bargaining power. But specialized test centres are very few so they have significant bargaining power. Degree of product differentiation: Routine segment is characterized by low product differentiation because routine tests include simple tests like blood test, sugar test, etc. hich does not need much technical competency. And since there are large number of players in this segment and there is low product differentiation, this has led to intense competition and low profitability. Whereas, specialized segment is characterized by presence of economies of scale so there is high product differentiation in terms of technology, modus operandi. Also, this segment is capital intensive therefore it has fewer numb er of players. Product innovation: The industry is characterized by rapid product innovation, for example, introduction of genome studies, molecular diagnostics and so on. As the methods of diagnosis are becoming more sensitive and specific, it is leading to rapid obsolescence of old technology. Also there are opportunities to overtake rivals by being first to market with next generation products like Tele-Radiology, Tele Pathology. Supply/demand conditions: Also as there are large number of players in routine segment, there is intense rivalry at local level. This rivalry has resulted in price wars. In specialized segment, which comprises of national players, there is moderate rivalry since players compete in same markets and market potential is high. Pace of technological change: As mentioned earlier, industry is marked with rapid change in technology and, methods of diagnosis. Rapidly advancement of technology in the methods of diagnosis and equipments is leading to rapid obsolescence of old technology. Most diagnostic centres need new technology with a need to replace equipments every six months which is not financially viable for most of the centres. Vertical integration: Most competitors operate only in one segment that is diagnosis. But some competitors like Piramal operate in multiple stages, for example it operates through B2C (Business to customer), D2C (Doctor to customer), B2B (Business to Business) modes. Economies of Scale: The industry is characterized by economies of scale. But in routine segment, despite of the presence of economies of scale, none of the players has able to achieve high end volumes, due to intense competition and absence of government policies for restricting the entry of newer players, in order to gain substantial cost advantage. Specialized segment is also characterized by significant economies of scale.

Mass Media: Sending Out the Wrong Messages Essay

Do the names, Snooki, D.J. Pauly D, The Situation, or J-Woww, ring a bell? What about the famous sayings, â€Å"grenade whistle,† â€Å"G.T.L,† or â€Å"Jersday,† now is it making more sense? MTV’s hit reality show, Jersey Shore, has coined these terms and has become a worldwide phenomenon. The cast of Jersey Shore started out as typical teenagers living their typical lifestyles. Before the reality show premiered, some of the cast woke up everyday to their monotonous jobs, while others attended college. These eight teenagers never knew that by starring in this one television show, their lives would never be the same. Jersey Shore follows eight hardcore Italians, four guys and four girls, who spend their summer months together. Instead of living like there is no tomorrow, these roommates party like there is no tomorrow! Everyday when they wake up, they get their â€Å"G.T.L† on, which means Gym, Tan, and Laundry. At night, they get completely drunk, go to the bars, and see how many guys/girls they can bring back home. Then, they wake up and do it all over again the next day. This does not sound like a normal, healthy lifestyle that these eight roommates are living now, does it? Unfortunately, these eight cast members have become idolized by young and old viewers all around the world. MTV obviously does not believe in censorship, and Jersey Shore’s lifestyle of alcohol and sexuality is being portrayed positively in society. People worship every little move the Jersey Shore makes. Advertisers are using the cast to promote their products because of how influential these eight roommates have become. Even as we speak, on television, Ron promotes a particular weight loss substance and Snooki promotes a certain brand of cashews. These partiers are setting negative trends in society because the large consumption of alcohol and sexual actions made these eight people known all over the world. By partying all day, everyday, these people went from driving Honda Civics to Range Rovers and Mercedes-Benz. This popular television show is sending out the wrong message to viewers and making idols out of the wrong people. It just goes to show how much of an impact the media can have on society. The media has an even bigger impact on the younger generation. Media has expanded from newspapers to the radio, the television, the Internet, cell phones, and gaming devices. Schools are even using media now, more than ever before. Granted, the media is an excellent way of educating our children. However, that education can only be positive to a certain extent. The media is no longer just a part of our society; this technology has taken over our world. Children are completely immersed in the media today, and parents and guardians should regulate how much time their child is spending with any type of media. A child’s brain is not fully developed until he or she is in their twenties. If children are being exposed to drugs, sex, and alcohol through the media, how can we expect children to have the knowledge of deciphering for themselves not to engage in those certain activities? It would be especially hard for those children whose parents are absent in their lives, and for those whom have parents engaged in the drug and alcohol lifestyle. There is absolutely no way for the children to know between right and wrong. Rather than parents educating their children about sex, the media is certainly doing it for them. Ideas of sex are frequently discussed in magazines, songs, television shows, the news, and movies. Jane Brown, a professor at the School of Journalism and Mass Media at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, reported â€Å"The word sex is the most popular search term used on the Internet today.† Also, according to Brown, magazines, such as Seventeen, promote the idea that sex is a tactic for girls to keep their boyfriends. â€Å"Only about one in ten of the programs on television that include sexual content mentions the possible consequences or the need to use contraceptives or protection against STDs. Unintended pregnancies rarely are shown as the outcome of unprotected sex, and STDs other than HIV/AIDS are almost never discussed† (Brown, Jane). No wonder the teen pregnancy rate is so high today! As in the Jersey Shore, it is their hobby to see how many people that they can have sex with. If the person that they are pursuing acts like they are not interested in having sex, the cast wants nothing to do with them and moves on to the next person. These people are the kinds of people that the younger generation has to look up to, which could be troublesome for the future of America. According to Children Now, a nonpartisan research and advocacy organization, â€Å"Children spend more time with media than any other activity, except for sleeping.† Rather than engaging in physical activity after school or on the weekends, children are more engaged in watching the television or playing their video game. Manali Oak, an author from Buzzle.com, observes â€Å"Children, who should invest their time in reading good books, studying, playing outdoors, exercising and engaging in social activities, today, spend their evenings glued to the television.† Although Manali Oak does not have a doctorate in this area, she does have a valid point. What happened to the idea of getting up and physically playing football being fun for teenagers, rather than sitting on the couch and playing football on the X-Box? Being so inactive leads to the increase of obesity in America. Another weight problem that America faces is anorexia. The media portrays the idea that successful and attractive people are the thinnest. There are millions of people, both young and old, who are currently battling obesity, but they are also being exposed to junk food advertisements. At the same time, there are other people out there, especially women, who are obsessed with the idea that they are overweight, when in reality, they aren’t. The media makes idols out of super models and thin celebrities, causing millions of people to suffer from eating disorders. Little girls are given Barbie dolls to play with and idolize. Thus, even at a young age, girls are being misled to a certain body image that is unrealistic. Rayuso, an author from the online article database HubPages.com, emphasizes this point by stating: â€Å"Young people are in a stage of life where they want to be accepted by their peers, they want to be loved and be successful. The media creates the ideal image of a beautiful men and women and tells you what are the characteristics of a successful person, you can see it in movies and tv. It’s a subliminal way to tell you that if you are not like them you are not cool yet so its time to buy the stuff they buy and look like they look.† The media has such a large impact on society that it even affects us in the way we perceive ourselves. Still, the media has the potential to influence the society in a positive way. Rayuso proposes the idea that if the media created advertisements that encourage children to get active, and used celebrities like they do to promote certain products; children would pay attention and actually get active. â€Å"If there is a sport that is getting a lot of attention by the media and gains popularity among your friends and society, you will more likely want to practice the sport and be cool with all your friends† (Rayuso). The media knows how to manipulate its audience in order to get its desired result, which is definitely not a good thing. This is why companies use celebrities to advertise their products; humans are so predictable. If we see our favorite celebrity on the television talking about how wonderful a product is, then we will more than likely go out and buy it, versus if there was some random person promoting it. Because of the popularity from Jersey Shore, reality star Ron advertises a certain weight loss substance, Xenadrine, and Snooki promotes â€Å"Wonderful Pistachios.† Of course the commercials only discuss how awesome the product is, and it only flashes the negative side effects in really fine print at the end. Robert Sylwester, a specialist in the brain/stress theory at the University of Oregon, confirms â€Å"Common examples are political promises to increase services and reduce taxes, ads that indicate that a product is improved but don’t say over what, TV drug com mercials that begin with clearly promised positive results, but end with a rapid incomprehensible listing of the dangers associated with the medicine, the televised equivalent of the small print in a contract or print ad.† With this said, the media influences our perception of reality. What viewers fail to realize is that the media is only concerned with making money. In fact, they will do whatever it takes to make that money. The only way we receive news is from the media. The television in the living room, the newspaper in the mailbox, the computer in the office, and the radio in the car are just a few forms of mass communication that keep us informed about our world. Yes, this is wonderful because without the media, we would not be aware of anything going on around us. The negative aspect of this is that the media changes stories around to the way that they want to portray them. If a story is not ‘juicy’ enough, or if there is not enough conflict, the broadcasters will change the story into something that will keep the viewers coming back for more. Jennifer Akin, a research assistant at the University of Colorado, acknowledges, â€Å"Events in the larger community, the state, the country, and the rest of the world are experienced through the eyes o f a journalist. Not only do the media report the news, they create the news by deciding what to report.† Viewers always believe what the media tells us, never questioning how much of it is actually true. The media could report â€Å"Pigs are now flying in Pennsylvania,† and just like in any other media-covered situation, we would believe them and go on with our lives. We are often unaware of how much the media truly impacts our lives. The younger generation is at an even higher risk of the media negatively impacting their lives than anyone else. It is so disgusting and disappointing that children are growing up in a society where sex, drugs, and alcohol are encouraged. What is on television that is discouraging these activities? Jersey Shore started out as eight ordinary people, but their party lifestyle made them famous. By setting this example, how can we expect the young generation to know the difference in acceptable and unacceptable? The children of today are the future of tomorrow. Do we find comfort in knowing that one day, our country is going to be led by people who grew up in such a backwards, messed up society? Not only does the media lack censorship, but it also manipulates us in every possible way. The media gets us to behave exactly how they want, using our idols to tempt us. We believe whatever we read and hear from the media, which makes us the gullible audience that the media thrives off of. Wouldn’t it be safe to say that the media takes advantage of viewers? The only person to blame for this is our self. Viewers should stop being so dependent of the media. Who is to say what the ideal body image is, or what type of products we should use? That is our own decision and our own sense of independence. The media has negatively impacted our society, and we have to find it within ourselves to stop letting the media make our decisions for us!

Causes & Effects of Academic Cheating

Dusan Micovic EN105 Prof. Rutt 13/10/2012 The Causes and Effects of Academic Cheating Cheating has been an issue for years in academic settings, whether in the primary grades, high school or college. However, definition of cheating remains unclear. It is so widespread and it overlaps with so many academic activities that it does not have a specific, clear, uniform policy on what constitutes academic dishonesty. Parental pressure can also lead to cheating.According to Professor Daniel J. Bauer, parents sometimes coerce their children into attending college by relating horror stories to them about people who never attended college. Parents will tell their teenagers that they will never succeed in life without a college education. These well-meaning parents may even expect nothing but A's on their child's transcript. This parental notion overlooks the possibility that a vocational program may indeed be a better fit for a student.It also increases the pressure these individuals feel to s ucceed, whether in high school or college, or risk losing the love of their parents. Failing a test, for example, is not an option, so they feel they must pass at any cost, even if it means cheating. In a survey by Rutgers University, students felt that cheating is a necessary method to ensure success through high school, college and later in life. Education News has conducted a survey and found that students who are poorly prepared are more likely to cheat than those who studied or completed assignments.Poor preparation is usually a result of laziness, which is indeed one of the biggest obstacles towards academic success. Seeing as overcoming laziness and developing effective study habits might be long and tough road, students prefer taking a shortcut. According to Orment, attitude of the teacher or professor is another possible factor that could drive students to cheating. If the mentor is not prone to offering help outside of class, or is too harsh on grading, this could lead stu dents to cheat.Another practice that can lead to cheating, that researchers mentioned, was weighting a final examination so heavily that failing the test automatically fails a student. The ultimate goal of education is to teach students some crucial concepts and techniques. However, many students don’t have those academic foundations because of the excessive cheating. When cheating is successfully repeated, it easily becomes a habit. Their creativity and sense of responsibility will drop over time, and dependency of cheating will grow.They will leave the education system, with a belief that things in life will always come easy, handed to them on a silver platter. Soon after they step into the work environment they will notice that they were wrong. Accumulated lack of knowledge and skill will make them realize that they are simply not ready. Although cheating can be just a harmless tool of support for years in school and college, it could also produce some serious consequences in the long run, due to its overuse and abuse.

The Evolution of the Car Engine

The Evolution of the Car Engine Evolution of the internal-combustion Engine An engine where processes of burning fuel takes place within an enclosed room, emitting gases that increase due to pressure that in turn supply energy, qualifies to be an internal combustion engine. The history of combustion engines dates back in the year 1680 when Christian Huygens, a Dutch physicist experimented with them (Daniels, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of the Car Engine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 1859, saw the success of development of an effective gasoline powered engine. The French engineer, Etienne Lenoir developed a double-acting, spark ignition engine that did not experience interruptions. In 1862, a French scientist, Alphonse Beau De Rochas, improved on Lennoir’s invention but failed to develop a four-stroke engine. A successful four-stroke engine emerged sixteen years later after Nikolaus Otto’s hard work. This engine became known as Otto cycle. Another success was the two-stroke engine that Dougald Clerk completed in the same year Joseph Day improved it to a commercial success to date. In 1875, George Bryton, an American engineer tried a hand on two-stroke engine that would utilize kerosene but failed as a result of its slow pace and size (Junge, 2010). Gottlieb Daimler in 1885 built a smaller and fast paced version of the modern gas engine that had a vertical cylinder and consumed gasoline forced via the carburetor. After four years, the same American engineer invented a four-stroke engine assuming a mushroom-shaped valves and double cylinders positioned in a V-shape with a higher ratio of power to that of weight. This engine did not have the electric ignition until 1924 when inventions of one proved possible. However, gasoline engines in use today can trace their origins from Daimler’s engines. American Designs of electric powered vehicles France and the Great Britain reinforced the notion of the electric powered cars in the late 1800s. The idea of developing these automobiles became a reality when Belgium assembled electric sports car that bore the name La Jamais Contente that made a world record of 68 mph for pace on land, with Camille JÃ ©natzy taking credit for its design (Bellis, 2012). In 1895, the Americans directed their interest to these inventions of electric vehicles. This was after success trials of electric tricycles through A.L. Ryker’s works and William Morrison who developed a wagon for six passengers in 1891.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Afterwards, many inventions of electric-powered vehicles cropped up, but of them all, William Morrisons design of electric powered vehicles with the capacity to accommodate passengers took credit. In 1897, the Philadelphia electric and Wagon Company built a fleet of taxis in New York C ity that became the beginning of establishing commercial vehicle. However, the pace of these electric vehicles developed earlier was painfully slow as they only covered 20 miles per hour. This factor was as a result of technological underdevelopment and lack of transistor technological know-how. Irrespective of their pace, they outdid their competitors of the early 19th century. They had reduced instances of moving back and forth rapidly, they emitted low level of smokes and had reduced noise linked to cars that utilized gasoline. In addition, electric vehicles did not have challenges on gear changing as their counterparts. Electric vehicles were also a tag of the well to do as they became to them city vehicles. The limited range became more of an advantage than a loss. They were a preference to a lot as they required less energy for them to start as opposed to the gasoline vehicles that made a lot of noise during ignition (Westbrook, 2001). Electric vehicle were easy to manage and operate; thus, recommended for women. Increased Popularity Lack of proper infrastructure hampered the appreciation of electric vehicles. In 1912, the bridging of this problem was through people wiring their homes for electricity key for propelling the electric vehicles. This boosted the popularity of the vehicles. At the beginning of the century, a number of 33,842 electric vehicles in the United States became registered. This was an obvious sign of acceptance as this high number of registration was far above those of other vehicles. As opposed to basic electric cars that fetched for USD 1,000 at the beginning of the century, the later versions of electric vehicles had unique interior features with expensive materials that facilitated high sales season in 1912. For challenges that came with the absence of recharging facilities, a battery swapping service established in 1896 solved this problem.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of the Car Engine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hartford Electric Light Company implemented this idea through utilizing the General Vehicle Company battery service. People bought their vehicles from General Vehicle Company with an exception of batteries. Afterwards, they would purchase electricity from Hartford Electric in batteries that were exchangeable. However, there was a monthly charge for miles covered, some fee for monthly maintenance of the car as well as its proper storage. A similar service took over and served owners of the Milburn Light Electric vehicles in Chicago state who bought cars with an exception of batteries. Hybrid vehicles A hybrid vehicle is one that utilizes more than one power means for propulsion. Vehicle manufacturers applied the concept to hybrid electric vehicles that combine one or more than one electric motor with an internal combustion engine (Ehsani, Yimin, Sebastien and Emadi 2004). The history of these cars dates back in the year 1899, a time when Dr. Ferdinand Porsche built a hybrid car that moved as a result of the gas engine that propelled an electricity generating dynamo that in turn used energy to move the electric motors in the central part of the two wheels in front. However, in the following decades, the hybrid car has undergone numerous advancements that include the invention of a generative braking. This idea works in modern hybrid cars. The Porsche car went through some modification in 1915 when Woods Motor Vehicle Manufacturers developed a double-powered hybrid car (Anderson and Judy, 2010). This car used an electric battery to drive the engine at a reduced pace of 25 km/h, and utilize gasoline engine to propel the car from a reduced speed to a maximum pace of 55 km/h. The period between 1920 and 1965 was an inactive period in terms of enormous hybrid car production. The US Congress endorsed extensive use of the electric vehicles as one of the sure ways of air pollution reduction in 1 966. A major improvement on the engine took place between 1968 and 1971 where three scientists invented a hybrid power engine. The engine adversely improved the speed of a vehicle with a relatively smaller engine that a conventional internal combustion engine needs in order to move. The ideas brought together in the system are inevitable in today’s hybrids.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1975, 352 electric vehicles got tested and as a result, the US Energy Research Development Administration created a program for promoting the hybrid technology. In 1976, the Public Law of 94/413 became effective on the electric hybrid vehicles. The key objective of the law was to collaborate with the car firms, and advance the accessories of the electric vehicles such as batteries and controllers. This is the period that Toyota developed the first electric hybrid that had a gass current hybrid cars include the 2011 Chevrolet Silverado, Cadillac Escalade, 2011 Chevrolet Tahoe, 2011 Ford Escape, 2011 GMC Sierra, 2012 Honda Civic, and 2011 Lexus CT 200H among many more. Future hybrid Current hybrid cars are a reflection of the future version that people around the globe anticipate. Designers of the current version of hybrid are contemplating on what design is next for the future hybrid vehicle. Globally, car firms have their plans of launching hybrid vehicle underway. These companie s have the challenges of considering factors such as performance, emissions, and efficiency. The future hybrid will assume all types that currently exist ranging from sports cars, sports utility vehicles and other varieties of vehicle will utilize both gas and energy (Motavalli, 2001). Maintenance is a critical issue in developments of these future hybrids. Manufacturers will have to process new spare parts for future hybrid models, and on the same note, mechanics should have the new technology so as to gain knowledge of replacing parts that breakdown. The future hybrid will be much more powerful to enhance performance and fuel efficiency. Certainly, the car designers will build them lighter than the current version to enhance fuel efficiency. Engineers will have to team up to develop solar cells that will restore power to vehicle batteries; thus, eliminating the process of charging batteries in hybrid vehicles (Duffy, 2009). In the future, designers of hybrid cars will have to look at the emission capacity. They will have to build vehicles with much more reduced rate of emission as the current emissions are doing harm to the atmosphere. There is a possibility the future hybrid may utilize Hydrogen power as opposed to the power sources in use today. The future design of the hybrid vehicles will prove more sophisticated than today’s design, as the designers of today are working to see that the future design is a success. With technological advancement, any future developments of the hybrid vehicles are possible. Modern vehicles and Emission Many industry studies show that improved vehicle fuel efficiency has resulted into a drop of CO2 emissions. According to Motor Industry Association (MIA), the National Average Carbon Emission (NACE) for new vehicles of 2011 had a figure of CO2 emission below 200 grams to 197.1 grams for the first time (Motor Industry Association, 2012). This represented a drop of 2.3 percent from the previous year. The effort among to reduce CO2 emission among vehicle manufacturers started more than five years ago. The average drop of CO2 emission has been 10 percent. Most new passenger vehicles form part of this calculation. Thus, the figures presented are representative in calculating the CO2 measures. The drop is due to enhanced vehicles technology among main manufacturers in the world. The main is to meet CO2 emissions in target markets that include the US, Europe, Australia, and other emerging economies. Consumers have also changed their purchasing habits to march the environmental requirements. This has improved due to government subsidies, especially in Europe where the government facilitate the purchase of environmental friendly cars by subsidizing the costs. Most of these achievements are as a result of carbon trading scheme that aims at reducing the quantity of CO2 in the atmosphere. The target has been on the transport sector for long-term agenda on reduction. These achievements from new vehicles show that manufacturers of motor vehicles are playing their roles of combating environmental degradation, reducing greenhouse emission, and pollutions from motor vehicles. Such efforts do not involve government interventions or regulations but are rather technological breakthroughs in vehicle manufacturing. References Anderson, C. and Judy A. (2010). Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. Bellis, M. (2012). History of Electric Vehicles: The Early Years, Electric Cars from 1830 to 1930. The Invetors, 1, 1-4. Daniels, J. (2003). Driving Force: The Evolution of the Car Engine. Tennessee: Haynes Manuals Inc. Duffy, J. E. (2009). Modern Automotive Technology, (7th ed.). Illinois: Goodheart- Willcox Co. Ehsani, M. (2005). Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, And Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory, And Design. New York: CRC Press. Ehsani, M., Yimin G., Sebastien, E. and Ali, E. (2004). Modern Electronic, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals Thoery an d Design. New York: CRC Press. Junge, F. E. (2010). Gas power;: A study of the evolution of gas power, the design and construction of large gas engines in Europe, the application of gas power to various the rational utilization of low grade fuels. Jacksonville, FL : Hill Pub. Co. Motavalli, J. (2001). Forward Drive: The Race to Build Clean Cars for the Future. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books. Motor Industry Association. (2012). New Vehicle CO2 Emissions Continue Reducing. New Zealand: MIA. Westbrook, M. H. (2001). The Electric Car: Development and Future of Battery, Hybrid and Fuel-Cell Cars. New York: Institution of Electrical Engineers.

The significance of the shifts in narrative perspective in Frankenstein Essays

The significance of the shifts in narrative perspective in Frankenstein Essays The significance of the shifts in narrative perspective in Frankenstein Paper The significance of the shifts in narrative perspective in Frankenstein Paper Mary Shelley uses many different narrators inside her story, including Walton, through letters, followed by Victor, and in Volume 2, the Monster themselves. It has various effects on the flow of the story, and its main effect is that it helps the reader to understand the characters in the novel much more easily and also provide the perspectives of various people, to get a feel of what society was at that time, and also to break certain stigmas that were present at that time. This can be seen in all three narrators in the book- Robert Walton, another fellow mad scientist, Victor, the protagonist and the Monster, the main antagonist. Firstly, the main use of Walton in the story helps us understand how a scientist during that time period perceives another scientist with the same intentions and sacrifices as himself. This is because in those ages, when we think of scientists, people often think that they are mad and abandon all of their families and their humane qualities in the quest for unlocking the ultimate secrets of nature- for Walton, the true magnetic North and for Victor, the ultimate goal of being able to play god. But however, this is not true. For example, when Victor arrives at Waltons ship, Walton kindly helps and tries to care for Victor until he has fully recuperated. He also writes in his letters about Victors conditions to Mrs. Saville and in his letters in the last chapter, said my chief attention was occupied by my unfortunate guest(Page 218) and also, he makes friendly ties with Victor, so that Victor can tell his unfortunate tale completely. Hence, by showing all of these humane qualities between the two, and also by showing how they become friends and care for each other, Shelley wants to break the social stigma of that time that scientists are all bad due to the horrendous acts they commit- for example, stealing bodies from the grave, to the point that they no longer have any human traits. Therefore, the use of Walton as a narrator helps us understand how scientists view each other at that time and also to show how the perception of the general public is flawed. Next, the writer uses the narrative perspective of Victor to make us understand how a mad scientist sees himself, and also to see how a mad scientist is not always mentally ill from the beginning, but rather has good intentions that go haywire. Furthermore, the usage of first-person perspective makes us able to understand Victors feelings in a better way rather than if a third person narrator was used. This is shown by Victors true intentions such as the main aim of building the monster- to relieve the grief felt from the departure of loved ones. However, it turns haywire, which is instantly realised when we encounter Victors dream of him kissing his beloved Elizabeth, then followed by the dying corpse of his own mother. That is when everything begins to go wrong. His feelings is also pronounced- for example, we can see what was going through Victors mind when the Monster tried to persuade him to create a female monster- He compassionated at his words but immediately felt disgusted when he saw the Monsters face. By showing all of these aspects of Victors initial good intentions, she aims, again to break the social stigma that mad scientists are all mad from birth and have no good will, by showing Victors innocent childhood and also how his monster was built on good intentions. Furthermore, we can also delve deeper into the mad scientists mind by the usage of the first person narrator, enabling us to see his feelings and thoughts at any moment, discovering the real feelings of Victor- trying to hide from the worry of failure and also its adverse effects, and also his initial desire to succeed at all costs- to prove his detractors wrong. Hence, as a result, we get a better understanding of what a mad scientist is like in those times and find that it was not as bad as people often imagined. Finally, the usage of the Monster as a narrator makes us understand what happens when a man tries to play god and imitate a human- what will the creation feel? The usage of the Monster as an abandoned creation by its creator despite its relative success also shows the perspective of young orphans, and reflects a common trend in the society at that time. This is shown in many ways- for example, when the Monster gathers firewood for the family but is hated by everyone instead, and also how he feels dejected at the very behaviour of the people. He also eventually escalates to the point of getting revenge once his appeal for a female monster is rejected. The overall effect of this is that we get a reflection on the society at that time being too orientated on looks, and also how the novel scrutinises it by Shelleys clever writing which makes us sympathise the ugly Monster, whereas we see every other person in the book looks at him in disgust. Also, we can better understand the feelings of a failure in the society such as orphans whom have no companion and anyone to look after them, and is continually looked down upon by the society. As a result, we can better understand the Monsters role and his significance in the society at that time by using him as the first narrator. In conclusion, Mary Shelley uses the three narrators in a Mise-en-Abyne fashion to slowly delve deeper into the story, and in the process, understand the three narrators, whom are characters in a first-hand manner. Shelley also uses these three characters which have unique roles as narrators to help her break certain social stigmas present at that time. But overall, the usage of various narrators in the book helps us understand the story better.