why do people stay abusive relationships - 1231 Words

Fighting for a relationship Ike and Tina Turner was a famous couple to compose music in the late 20th century. (Wikane) The media convinced the world that they were a happy and peaceful couple. During their prime, most did not know that Tina was abused on countless occasions by Ike physically and verbally. In some situations, he would order her to have intercourse with him after a vicious beating. In addition, he threatened her life and to end her career if she told anyone or left him. As many would ask, why would she or anybody else stay in this type of relationship? Tina and a vast majority of victims stay in these relationships because they are truly in love with their abusive partner. According to statistics, â€Å"75% of battered†¦show more content†¦In a survey by the U.S. Conference of Mayors, 56% of cities surveyed cited domestic violence as a primary cause of homelessness. (abetterway) Dependent income in an abusive relationship can ruin a person’s life but it is much more critical whe n children are a part of the picture. Family is a precious thing that victims do not want to let go of but children undergo so much when they are in an abusive environment. Some victims would prefer the child to grow up with an intact home so they try to, â€Å"Tough it out†, however, this puts the child in serious danger as well. A study by Institute for Children and Poverty stated, â€Å"A 2003 study found that children are more likely to intervene when they witness severe violence against a parent-which places a child at great risk for injury or even death.† (safehorizon) At times children are used for threats or a sense of defense. For example, the victim may say, â€Å"I will take him/her and never come back if you do not stop.† On the other hand, abusers may use children to keep control of their victim. For example, â€Å"I will kill him/her if you leave.† When children hear this between their parents, children are easily torn from a parent. This puts pressure on the children and makes t hem feel that they have to pick a side which breaks a relationship with a parent. Children are seriously affected by these traumatizing sightings which can cause them to become scarred. FloridaShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Abusive Relationships1108 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of people stranded in abusive relationships. Abusive relationships are being downplayed, we cannot sit here and pretend they don’t exist. We must ask ourselves, how can we help, what is the solution, why is the number of abusive relationships increasing? Although this is something society would like to ignore, I would like to shine a little light on the subject; being educated is the first step towards truly understanding and being capable of making a difference in someone’s life. Abusive relationshipsRead MoreWhy Men Stay From Abusive / Domestic Relatioships?1418 Words   |  6 Pages Why Men Stay in Abusive/Domestic Relatioships? General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my listeners as to why men stay in abusive/domestic relationships. Central Idea: Abusive relationships start out as the most intensely wonderful relationships, the abuser is perfect in every way. Abuse doesn t start over night it is a long slow process. First they tear apart your self esteem and isolate you so you have no one to turn to. They pick you apart and make you feel like the lowestRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1362 Words   |  6 Pagesby many people and it does not matter what race, gender, social status, or education people are from. Domestic violence is the term most known among individual, but other refer to this issue as violence against women because predominately women are the victims of abuse. Throughout the essay, there will be information about why men use violence against women and the different tactics of power and control men used to subject women to abuse. In addition, this essay also is going to explore why women stayRead MoreWhat Causes Victims Of Domestic Violence1257 Words   |  6 PagesWhat causes v ictims of domestic violence to stay? Every year in the United States, One in four women are victims of the domestic violence; however, this is only based on what has been reported to the department of justice (Stahly 2008). While men are also victims of domestic violence, women are more often the victims. Moreover, 90% of domestic violence is male initiated. In severe cases domestic violence ends with victims being murdered. More specifically, domestic violence resulted in 2,340 deathsRead MoreEssay about Domestic Abuse and Its Consequences1100 Words   |  5 Pagesand Its Consequences Abuse! There are always people that want to know what is it, and why do they do it? Why do all these women stay in that kind of home, and what are the effects on them when this happens? How do the children deal with this kind of situation, and what effects does it have on them? One of the most important questions you would most likely hear is how do you leave an abusive relationship and how do you cope with it after you do leave? (Womens Rural Advocacy Programs). FirstRead MoreA Research Study On Family Violence1338 Words   |  6 PagesAfter deciding on a topic related to family violence that is approved by the instructor you will produce 5-6 page research paper (exclusive of notes) that will address the following: So the assignment asks you to look at a type of family violence and to do research using peer reviewed research. You will need to construct a formal research paper. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. And the Lord God tookRead MoreIs Stockholm Syndrome An Act Of Self Preservation?967 Words   |  4 PagesMany people are perplexed by the unwillingness of victims in abusive relationships to abandon the tumultuous environment, even when given an opportunity to escape. Outside of personal, subjective experience friends and family can learn why and how this helpless mentality develops and most importantly, ways in which they can help. Why would women and men with the seemingly complete freedom submit to ongoing physical and psychological battering? How could they continue loving someone who will notRead MoreMy First Time - Original Writing Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pagesher what she desired to do knowing that my previous attempts at trying to help her were unsuccessful. I could not figure for the life of me why she would continue to go back to him. She said she continued to stay with him because they had a child on the way. Other motives for individuals staying in abusive relationships are they don’t know any better, and they don’t want to feel like a failure. When people think of birthing a child they think of togetherness. Usually, people want to be a happy familyRead MoreThe Problem Of Abusive Relationships936 Words   |  4 Pageswould first like to start off by saying that this has been a very difficult topic for me. That is why I have waited until the last minute to post this week. It has only been a year since I have left my fourteen year abusive marriage. I hide the abuse from all of my friends and family. When you are in the situation you do not realize how bad it is until you are almost dead or in jail. An abusive relationship is like a leaking faucet that starts with a slow drip and over time the slow drip has become aRead MoreQuestions On Women And Domestic Abuse1523 Words   |  7 PagesReagan Land Mr. Varvel TJC-AP English III 6 February 2015 Why They Stay: Women and Domestic Abuse In discussion about domestic abuse, there is always one prevailing question. Why do battered women stay with their abusive husbands? â€Å"If I were in that situation, I would simply move out.†, people think. However, leaving an abusive relationship is not as easy as simply walking out in most cases. Because of difficulties battered women face such as victim blaming, the lack of space in shelters, emotional

The Great Depression Impact on Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 975 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/03 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Great Depression Essay Did you like this example? Homeless starving families roaming the streets, billions of dollars lost never to be returned, and darkness and depression encompassing all aspects of life. This may sound like an impossible nightmare, but in reality, millions of people suffered through these events thinking only of survival and how to get through the next day. What could cause such horrendous events as these? Well, all of this was a result of what is known as the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Great Depression Impact on Society" essay for you Create order In brief, the economy of the United States of America failed due to flaws within the market, and misunderstandings of its risk. Moreover, poor economic policies caused depression and financial turmoil and took years of political reform to heal. The Stock Market Crash had a large impact on America and its citizens. After the Crash, many people were scared to use stocks again because of the thought of this horrible event happening again. Soon many people wouldnt have to be afraid anymore. In the 1920s, things were really unstable in the US and around the world. With the rapid increase in industrialization, which fueled the economy, combined with the many technological improvements had leading economists believing the growth would continue. During this inflation period, wages increased along with consumer spending, and stock market prices were on the rise. Most people wanted to take advantage of the rising prices, which put billions of dollars into the stock market, and people were buyi ng on margin (buying stocks with borrowed money, then using the earnings to pay back the loan). The number of dollars put into the stock market created unsecured consumer debt and left the market unbalanced. Many investors wanted to make a lot of cash, so they decided to invest their life savings, mortgage their homes, and cashed in their safer investments like bonds, and bank accounts. The rising prices had some economic analysts warning of a coming correction. Many companies and banks, eager to increase their profits, began to speculate dangerously with their investments. In late October 1929, the buying craze slowly decreased, and the selling of stocks was even crazier. On Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the United States stock market suddenly and completely collapsed. This event is known as Black Tuesday and is attributed by many historians to be the start of the worst financial crisis in U.S. history, The Great Depression. The Great Crash itself had a devastating impact. Hundreds of banks failed, and because bank deposits were uninsured, their depositors lost some or all of their money. Frightened customers drew their savings from solvent banks, forcing them to close.And that was just the beginning. Governments response to the Great Depression changed the lives of non-elite members of society. It changed them negatively at first. Herbert Hoovers strategies for fixin g the economy failed and drove these working class people even farther into debt and poverty. The unemployment rate was so high that some out of work people were so poor that they resorted to living in boxes, and packing crates, and the only meals they ate were obtained courtesy of a local soup kitchen. Things began to look up when FDR took over as president. His plans for stimulating the economy worked, and in a big way. The federal agencies that he instituted provided millions of jobs, and poured mass amounts of money back into the nations economy. The Great depression could have been avoided, firstly overproduction. Factories and farms were producing more goods than the people could afford to buy. The problem with overproduction was that no one was looking forward to what was to come. They were on such a high with the number of products they were selling (washing machines, dishwashers, cars, wheat, meat, and other farm goods) no one noticed that they were making extensive amounts . It was getting easier and easier to produce products because assembly line production and stock market prices were high. As a result, prices fell, factories closed and workers were laid off. Prices for farm products also fell, as a result, farmers could not pay off bank loans and many lost their farms due to foreclosure. Secondly, buying on credit, 1920s motto was buy now, pay later, the first mistake because most people couldnt afford to pay later. Buying on credit was a new concept, and not everyone understood it. Almost all people didnt own the majority of things they had, resulting in Canada falling helplessly into debt. Then creditors repossessed goods and left some with nothing. Buying on credit should have only been available to people who have a well-paying job and know how a fact that they will be able to pay the money back. Thirdly, the stock market crash, also known as Black Tuesday. Too many people were getting loans to buy shares (buying on margin), so when the stock mar ket prices went down, people couldnt pay back their loans. This caused people to sell shares. The government needed to stop the bubble in stock prices from happening. They could have outlawed (or at least regulated) the margin buying and some of the other abuses that were pushing up stock prices. Overall the Great Depression was a terrible period of time, that definitely could have been avoided if anyone were looking into what was to come. The Stock Market Crash had a large impact on America and its citizens. After the Crash, many people were scared to use stocks again because of the thought of this horrible event happening again. This event could have been prevented if people just understood how stocks worked and that they shouldnt put everything into stocks. As well, as the huge effect, the crash had on many Americans during that time, many people lost their homes and all their money. To conclude, the Stock Market Crash was a horrific event in the 1920s and many people suffered be cause of it.

Overview of Education in Health Care - 1171 Words

Chapter 1 Overview of Education in Health Care Historical Foundations of the Nurse Educator Role †¢ Health education has long been considered a standard care-giving role of the nurse. †¢ Patient teaching is recognized as an independent nursing function. †¢ Nursing practice has expanded to include education in the broad concepts of health and illness. Organizations and Agencies Promulgating Standards and Mandates: 1. NLNE (NLN) ï‚ § first observed health teaching as an important function within the scope of nursing practice ï‚ § responsible for identifying course content for curriculum on principles of teaching and learning 2. ANA ï‚ § responsible for establishing standards and qualifications for practice, including†¦show more content†¦- Despite the varied levels of basic nursing school preparation, legal and accreditation mandates have made the educator role integral to all nurses. - Role of Nurse As Educator (cont’d) - Nurses function in the role of educator as: - the giver of information - the assessor of needs - the evaluator of learning - the reviser of appropriate methodology - The partnership philosophy stresses the participatory nature of the teaching and learning process. Barriers to Teaching Barriers to teaching are those factors impeding the nurse’s ability to optimally deliver educational services. Major barriers include: †¢ lack of time to teach †¢ inadequate preparation of nurses to assume the role of educator with confidence and competence †¢ personal characteristics †¢ low-priority status given to teaching †¢ Barriers to Education (cont’d) †¢ environments not conducive to the reaching-learning process †¢ absence of 3rd party reimbursement †¢ doubt that patient education effectively changes outcomes †¢ inadequate documentation system to allow for efficiency and ease of recording the quality and quantity of teachingShow MoreRelatedNational Public Inquiry Of The United Federal Government And The Fist Nations949 Words   |  4 Pagesalso to take the necessary steps towards the renewal of the relationship between the Canadian Federal Government and the Fist Nations (Mas, 2015). Notably, Trudeau claimed the 2016 budget would include an increase in the funding towards aboriginal education (Mas, 2015). Past governments had imposed a strict limit of 2% on said funds (Mas, 2015), a restriction that was undoubtedly harmful to the already dwindling aboriginal life conditions. As Perry Bellegarde, Chief of the Assembly of First NationsRead MoreNavigating DOL Health Benefits Website1147 Words   |  5 PagesNavigating DOL Health Benefits Website Navigating DOL Health Benefits Website Features of the Website The succeeding paragraphs will describe the major features of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) website at http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/health-plans/cobra.htm. The first feature of this website is a short explanation of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Act (COBRA). This explanation includes defining who is eligible and provides a general idea of the cost for continuing health benefits coverageRead MoreHealth Promotion Is Necessary For Improving The Health Of Patients Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction i. The World Health Organization (2016), defines health promotion as the process of enabling individuals to increase control over, and to improve their health. Health promotion focuses on helping clients improve health and quality of life by addressing and preventing causes of illness, and not just on treatment and cure. ii. Also, according to the Center for Disease Prevention and Control (2015), health risk behaviors have been identified to cause much of the illness, sufferingRead MoreMy Career Paper On Becoming A Physical Therapist1464 Words   |  6 Pageswell as to treat our bodies right so they won’t be too damaged in the near future. Physical Therapist or I like to call them (PTs) are health care professionals who notices symptoms and come up with plans to treat them; they treat the old and young patients, even the infants. Physical therapist ensures treatment to all who have medical issues or other health issues that restrict a person’s abilities to move in their daily lives. Physical therapist examine every person individually and come up withRead MoreMeasurable Achievements And Outcomes Of The Health Care Education1583 Words   |  7 PagesMeasurable Achievements and Outcomes The Health Care Education course provided the author will new knowledge of different teaching and learning methods for adult learners, knowledge of way to measure competency in the training of health care professionals, and presented way to blend different teaching styles to improve success. This new knowledge has enable the author to improve on the success of in-service and procedural training, provided new techniques to measure competency of staff and providersRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Robotic Surgical Training808 Words   |  4 Pageswould be in real surgeries. Conklin, T. P. (2002, Fall). Health Care in the United States: An Evolving System. Michigan Family Review, 07(), 5-17. Retrieved from http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mfr/4919087.0007.102/--health-care-in-the-united-states-an-evolving-system?rgn=main;view=fulltext This periodical is good because it breaks the information down into areas of discussion. The areas are What are the Factors Driving the Change?, How Has Health Care Delivery Changed?, How are the Changes Impacting FamiliesRead MoreCareer As A Physical Therapist Assistant1656 Words   |  7 Pagesmany cases; patients are being sent to physical therapy instead of surgery (â€Å"Physical Therapist Assistant (PTA) Careers Overview†). The physical therapist often depends on their assistant to provide services, such as workouts by helping the clients through many different exercises, massages, applying hot or cold packs, paraffin baths (â€Å"Physical Therapist Assistant - Career Overview†). Physical therapist assistants work with physical therapists, assisting them with the rehabilitation exercises and therapiesRead MoreDefinitions And Classification Of The American Nurses Association Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstood by all nurses, to describe care† (p. 1 2 ). The American Nurses Association (ANA) has 13 recognized standardized nursing terminologies that support nursing practice. The following are the terminologies and the year they were recognized. 1. NANDA-I: nursing diagnosis, definitions and classification : 1992 2. Nursing intervention classification system (NIC) : 1992 3. Clinical care classification system (CCC) formerly home health care classification system (HHCC) : Read MoreProfessional Development of Nursing Professionals824 Words   |  4 Pagesof nursing care, and include changes in â€Å"public and institutional policies at the national, state, and local levels† (Future, 2010). This essay will provide a basic understanding of the IOM’s contract, including the impact on nursing education, nursing practice in primary care, and the impact on the nurse’s role as a leader. Overview the IOM Report: Transforming Nursing Practice The first key message of the IOM report is, â€Å"Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training†Read MoreThe President Of The United States1243 Words   |  5 Pagesrecipients of government subsidy health care utilize ACA annual preventative care benefit before annual renewal There is no denying The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (more commonly known as ACA) is the largest health care reform in America’s history. ACA has provided affordable health care to millions of uninsured Americans nationwide. The ACA health care plans on the exchange (Marketplace) have to meet certain criteria, including provide free preventative care. As our economic conditions

Laurent Clercs Deaf School - 529 Words

Laurent Clerc was born on December 26, 1785. It is believed that Clerc became deaf by falling off of his high chair into the kitchen fireplace around age one. He had gotten a severe burn on his right cheek, and a fever developed, and later on his hearing and smelling senses were damaged. It was never quite clear whether he was born deaf, or if it had been a cause of his accident. Clerc’s parents had tried many different treatments to get Clercs hearing back, although none of them succeeded. Clerc did not go to school and didn’t learn to read or write. For 11 years Clerc stayed at home instead of going to school. While at home Clerc spent his time either exploring the village, or taking care of the animals, such as; cows, turkeys, and horses. Eventually, at age 12 Clercs uncle-godfather, Laurent Clerc, who he was named after, entered him into the Institut National des Jeune Sourds-Muets, which was the first public school for the deaf in the world. In school, Clerc’s assistant teacher, Abbe Margaron, tried to teach Clerc to pronounce his words, which Clerc had a difficult time with this, at one point his difficulty in pronouncing words enraged Abbe so much that he hit Clerc So hard underneath his chin, which caused Clerc to accidentally bite his tongue so hard, he decided he wanted nothing to do with speaking, and would never again learn to speak. Because of this experience, it later caused Clerc to make his belief that signing is the greatest procedure for deafShow MoreRelatedEssay Laurent Clerc Pioneer Teacher958 Words   |  4 PagesLaurent Clerc Pioneer Teacher 1785-1869 Laurent Clerc was born in LaBalme, France, on Dec. 26 1785. His father was Mayor of the town and the family could boast of a long line of magistrates in the Clerc lineage. At the age of one, the infant fell from a kitchen chair by accident into a nearby fireplace. He was burned on one side of his face and a fever left him totally deaf. He had uncle also named Laurent Clerc, who heard about the school for the deaf in Paris. When he was twelve years oldRead MoreThe Apostle Of The Deaf Essay1833 Words   |  8 PagesLouis Laurent Marie Clerc or commonly known as the â€Å"Apostle of the Deaf in America†, was born December 26, 1785 in La Balme -les-Grottes, France. Mr. Clerc was born in a village in the south-eastern side of France; he came from a well off middle class family that would have been considered bourgeois for his time. His father was Joseph Francis Clerc a civil attorney for the royal family and his mother was Marie Elizabeth Candy whose father was a notary public. He r father as well as being an attorneyRead MoreImproving the Lives of So Many: The Invention of Sign Language823 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"A day when deaf people and their language are completely accepted-no, more than that, truly welcomed-as a part of the family of man in which god created diversity not to oppress the minority who are different, but to enrich the lives of all.† This important quote from Laurent Clerc shows his opinion on the acceptance of Deaf people in the world. He understood through first hand experience the importance of communication and education for the Deaf community. Eventually with the help of ThomasRead More Deafness and the Power of Signing Essay examples3577 Words   |  15 PagesDeafness and the Power of Signing When the deaf Miss America spoke to a crowd of thousands about overcoming her handicap, deaf people across America were disgusted. Deafness is not a handicap, I have been told again and again. It is a cultural identity, a way of life, a choice, even (some hard-of hearing people speak of the time when they had to decide, deaf or hearing), but never a handicap, never something to be overcome. The sign for people like Miss America is the sign for hearing,

Organizations should be treated as an-ongoing concern Free Essays

Introduction Organizations should be treated as an-ongoing concern. This is because; there are a lot of revisions needed whether it is through reengineering, information system or its workforce so that the organization would be able to stand against competition. Organizations are made up of people who are responsible for certain operations in different fields and are thus inherently complex. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizations should be treated as an-ongoing concern or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since change or revisions are the basic things that are needed in the organization, it is imperative that leaders must understand that a change to one component will always generate a rippling effect on other surrounding components (Abraham et al, 1997). Therefore, decision making should be done carefully and accordingly. Sustainability can be thought of as a way of protecting the options that are present. Sustainable development actually needs a fundamental shift from the traditional or routinely activities involved within the organization to a circular approach of borrow-use return. It offers a compelling strategic paradigm for guiding business in contributing to the society’s desire for balanced progress towards economic prosperity, social justice and environmental quality. If sustainability is accepted by the organizations, they should be able to understand the need of exploration and innovation as much as prescription and planning is needed. It frees the creative potential of the human mind and maximizes the potential for deeper learning within the boardroom. As a part of the business strategy, it has the ability to help the business performance of your organization to be superior and prosperous. Currently, the world’s most popular chicken buckets restaurant is in hot water and being complaints by the animals’ activist called PETA for an inhumane method of killing chickens for their 850 million buckets supply of chicken. According to PETA, chickens are carelessly slaughtered everyday; chickens’ throats are slit and put into tanks of boiling water in order to be dressed while still alive and feeling the pain. KFC gets these slaughtered chickens from West Virginia slaughter house. Obviously, KFC is not taking the demands of PETA because after two years their promise to abide the animal welfare still remains as a promise (Curlee, 1994). Unlike, McDonalds, Wendy’s and other food chains serving chickens took the demands and followed by the book. According to PETA KFC should:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Follow the â€Å"Animal Care Standards Program† Lessen the quantity of ammonia in the air of their factory farms, develop the living spaces and lighting in chicken sheds, stop starving the chickens deliberately and make sure that the chickens are given mental an physical encouragement.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stop the slashing of the chicken throats,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use mechanized chicken gathering. There is actually no best approach for sustainability because it would depend on the certain goal that would be reached by the organization. Rather, superiors involved in the organizations must make their own decisions which are based on varying cultural and environmental factors that are present. However, in this variability, there are common entrenched behaviors and thought processes that have to be changed which is necessary in order to embrace sustainability. Analysis The problem and complaints against KFC has two social issues to tackle, first, business ethics and second corporate social responsibility. In the first issue, since KFC is a multi-national company, seeking for profits globally and competitive advantage against their main competitors, there are a very huge demand of KFC’s chicken, and their current method is a very easy and fast way to cope up with this demand. The big question is, what will KFC do? In search of customers and suppliers, individuals in business face a lot of challenges when they shift beyond their own business practice and culture in search of customers and suppliers.   One tough question is:   How do KFC resolve the conflicts between their business strategy and ethical principles and those of the country in which they are doing business?   What to expect from other countries’ views of business ethics to be? However, because of the demands of the ethical business conduct, more especially that some governments pass anticorruption laws and that more multinational corporations (MNCs) formalize ethic codes and programs to support their internal ethical climate, more companies’ managers are becoming aware of the risk of expensive legal entanglements caused by doing business with firms having lower ethical standards than their own. Ethical practices are evidently crucial to establish an ethical work climate in strong corporate guidelines (Farmer and Hogue, 1985). These guidelines set the ethical tone of the corporation and let the employees know that management considers ethical behavior an important part of its business operations. It can be communicated through conduct codes which outline the company’s main expectations. Management stratagem, accountability structures, organizational policies, incentive systems, training programs, and decision-making processes should all work as one to strengthen the firm’s fundamental ethical beliefs. However, in the government sector, giving of preferential treatment is through numerical hiring and promotion goals and ratios, to women and minorities, is a critical affirmative action (Friedman, 1970). Public managers must make a selection of ethical judgments and decisions in pursuing the policy tasks entrusted to them. The KFC management considers ethical behavior an essential part of its business operations and can be communicated through mission statements while the government sector on the other hand, some public employers may operate under legal obligations to permit preferential treatment, others may opt to do so. Both of the circumstances, preferential treatment require difficult and controversial ethical choices. How important is competitive intelligence in KFC? Generally, competitive intelligence (CI) is applied to the decision-making and planning processes to improve the performance of the company. CI is the process by which KFC must gather actionable information about competitors and the competitive environment. It connects evidently unrelated signals, events, perceptions, and data into patterns and trends concerning the business environment. CI can be simple, such as inspecting a KFC’s annual report and other public documents (Blenkhorn Fleisher, 2001). CI has its vital role in the business organization like KFC and in the government area. There is no problem in focusing to profit and competitive advantage as long as moral ambiguities are going to remain because no one can formulate policies that are morally justified under all circumstances. Ambiguity in fact does not diminish the importance of the issue; the moral aspect of governance corresponds to the quality of public service and governmental conduct. If not, how can the general public trust that their businesses are fairly managed and that they haven’t conceded rights and freedoms to an irresponsible administrative state? Competitive Intelligence (CI) has been performed by most of the organizations in today’s business environment. Most senior executives practice CI in their daily activities as they try to understand how to make better position in their organization’s products or services in the marketplace (Krizek and Power, 1997). Only few founders can obtain the needed financial resources to launch their firms without having done at least some environmental scanning and identifying potential competitive danger. Companies that lack the range of resources needed to launch and maintain complicated or automated CT networks, the fact that the chief executive officer and senior managers act personally and continuously on intelligence gives them a chance in the competitive market place. The second issue, their corporate social responsibility, they stick to their current practice of slaughtering the chickens or switch to a more humanitarian way of method and will not put all attention to profits and competitive edge in order to fulfill their responsibility? Corporate social responsibility can be defined as the duty of organizations to conduct their business in a manner that respects the rights of individuals and promotes human welfare (Farmer Hogue, 1985). While the level of social responsibility exhibited by multinational corporations is said to be improving, perfection has hardly been attained. Governments and people around the world seem to have an increasing interest in scrutinizing the actions of global corporations, in effect forcing international companies to be good corporate citizens. According to Maclaren (1996), corporate responsibility is supported by the concepts of multidimensional definitions and social marketing. In the multidimensional definitions concept, the focus is on the major responsibilities expected from companies. These major responsibilities include economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic dimensions. These responsibilities must be performed in order to benefit not only the company operators but also their employees, customers, the community and the general public. Social responsibility in business has been debated for a long time, and several sides of the issue have been presented by ethicists. This debate has been extended in recent years to include the operations of multinational companies. Thus, it is important to view some of the changes in the attitudes and behaviors of multinational companies and their perceptions of corporate social responsibility in light of the evolving nature and composition of global competition (Friedman, 1970). Business culture has turned its focus when the businesses penetrate globally. There had been dispute, argument, confusion and debate towards the subject â€Å"social responsibility† in business arena. Many believed that it is a tool to change the business set up to promote a more well working environment. However, there are also cynical about the existence of social responsibility and its role in managing the business. Even so in history, the topic of social responsibility has received so much attention when it first came into popularity in the developed world. It became controversial because of its inconsistencies with the free enterprise system. However, whenever we view today’s scenario, there are indications that social responsibility has become an obligation for any business, and that it is permanent fixture on the corporate business scene (Karake-Shalhoub, 1999). In order for KFC to give the demands of PETA and social responsibility, the company may apply some methods in corporate social responsibility and this is sustainability-change-efforts. Change may start at all levels of the organization. However, the presence of strong leadership is essential to guide the changing processes that are needed for sustainability to push through. This is because, without the presence of good leaders and governance system that may support the movement, sustainability will never be achieved. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become the standard euphemism for the right social values that corporations oftentimes has neglected in their day to day practices and has the need to strive harder to achieve so as to solve the problem of those whom they have affected by their policies and actions. Its idea is; either radical nor is it new. The core belief is that the corporation incurs responsibilities to the society beyond profit maximization. Huge companies has the power to manipulate and influence the quality of life employees, costumers, shareholders and residents of local communities have in which they operate. A single corporate decision may change the lives of thousands of people (Petrovich, 1994). Managers or people who are involved in the corporate world should always bear in mind that power also entails responsibility. Business responsibilities must include the known and foreseeable results of business dealings whether the results of their actions have been recognized by law or not. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the continuing commitment of the business to be ethical and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of their workforce, company and including the society. The environmental demands are the ones that must not be overlooked. Every action that a corporation does always has consequences such as the cutting of trees for expansion. In this case, the corporate must reconsider and find different ways on how to manage this because it is very unethical and irresponsible of them to do this (Schwab and Brower, 1997). The hand of government would then be there to put a hold to any actions that the corporate does which would be then considered to be harmful to the environment. Although many corporation disagree with the presence of the hand of government because for them it is not fair, it is quite appropriate if the corporation themselves would do a strategic analysis of what they are about to do because the government would never be tailing them if they have not done anything. Conclusion In this respect, it is illustrated that businesses from different countries do not show the same level of dedication to being perceived as socially responsible. Moreover, it is also attested that firms across countries have variety of principles, processes and stakeholder issues to express that they are responsibly committed.   People expect firms not only to perform the traditional function of providing goods and services to all citizens who are willing to pay for them, but also to help society solve its problems. If these things are generally seen as desirable, and the firm does them, then it is socially responsible. If the firm does not, then some people may feel it is irresponsible. Moreover, incorporating and promoting increased public participation in dealing with plans and projects toward progress and development illustrates an efficient and effective measure to achieve more possible success of economic and social growth. Since the public is the foremost concern of every institutional and national improvement, it is very logical that public consultation will be highly incorporated as inputs to come up with sound policies that will reflect the preferences and general welfare of the society. Public participation will ensure developments that are in synch with the needs of the society and at the same time increase the likelihood of long-term and continuous growth for the whole country. Even though the issue is tackled in its complexity, it is no doubt that social responsibility has to play a great role in today’s business world. It may either contribute to efficiency, effectiveness, success or failure. What is important is that we are becoming more aware each day. No doubt that in this era, social responsibility should become every business’ obligation. Works Cited Abraham, M., Burgdorf, M., Dittoe, J., Scherf, H., Seydlitz, J. Silver, B. Sustainable Development: Best Practices Manual. Cleveland: Build Up Greater Cleveland, 1997. Blenkhorn, D. L., Fleisher C.S. Managing Frontiers in Competitive Intelligence. Westport, CT. Quorum Books, 2001. Curlee, R. Waste to Energy in the United States: a Social and Economic Assessment, 1994. Farmer, R. and Hogue, W.D. Corporate Social Responsibility. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books, 1985. Friedman, M.   â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase its   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Profits.† New York Trines Magazine, Sept. 13, 33, 1970. Karake-Shalhoub, Z. Organizational Downsizing, Discrimination and Corporate Social Responsibility. Westport, CT. Quorum Books, 1999. Krizek, K. J. Power, J. A Planners Guide to Sustainable Development. PAS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Report No. 467. Chicago: American Planning Association, 1997. Maclaren, V. W. Urban Sustainability Reporting. Journal of the American   Planning Association. 62, 2 (spring): 184-202, 1996. Petrovich, N. L. Introduction to Sustainable Development. Counties: Foundation for a Sustainable Future. Washington D.C.: National Association of Counties, 1994. Schwab, A. K. Brower, D. J. Sustainable Development: Implementation at the Local Level. Land Use Law Zoning Digest (April): 3-7, 1997. How to cite Organizations should be treated as an-ongoing concern, Essay examples

Designer Babies free essay sample

Since the time Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) was discovered, genetic modification has been a topic of discussion. One discovery leads to the next, from fertilization by sperm injection to freeze-banking of embryos and postmenopausal motherhood to genetic tests for embryos and transgenic animals. The term designer baby simply means, designing a baby by picking out the baby’s eyes, gender, hair color, height, personality, etc. It refers to the concept of isolating human embryos from willing donors, and allowing individuals to select from those embryos based on whichever ones have the most desirable genes or traits. That means that people can choose their babys sex, appearance, intelligence, longevity, and many personality traits. Children should not be treated like a product. People shouldn’t play God and create their own perfect baby, and when it’s not as perfect as they wanted it to be, just simply throw it out, or instead of making a perfect baby, make a baby that has a disability. In addition cosmetic contact lenses have been designed to change the appearance and the color of the eye. In present, geneticists have taken it to the next level by developing the techniques of designer babies; this technology allows the parents to choose how they want their babies to be. The technology of designer babies will change the concept of human beings forever and it is going to lead to many bad consequences. Thus, designer babies should be banned in the future because they will have major issues regarding the human nature characteristics such as changes in racial heritage, affecting genders equity and changing the human species. Designer babies can change essential features of humane racial heritage. It changes babies’ genes to make them different than their parent’s ethnic genes. The affect of it maybe clearly seen in some countries ,where some races other than the white race are mostly not satisfied about their racial features. it can happen to them due to being an ethnic minor or lacking specified beauty standards in their nation; not having blue eyes and blond hair for instance. Dark black Americans experience many general negative perceptions by society, Such as unfair treatment by police and being treated as less smart. In addition, people consider them as criminals and act afraid of them (Lynn, 356). Designer babies can change the appearance, thus it may be used by parents to change their babies skin color or other racial features. Although many parents think that this kind of technology may solve their social and ethnic problems, these problems should not be solved in such away. It will cause losing the identity that makes each race more distinguished. Societies should focus on the importance of the mind rather than the features of each race. Changes in human racial heritage are not the only thing that designer babies can make in humans. Moreover, parents can change their babies’ gender by using designer babies technologies that can lead to gender inequity. Societies have different perspectives about the functions of each gender. Some societies value one gender to the other. According to Lemonick In China and India male babies are more highly valued than female ones where male and female babies are already out of balance; designer babies could tip the scale even further. In other societies, such as the American society, surveys showed that the number of families who want female or male babies is equal. However, they believe that the ideal family should have a boy as the oldest. The study shows that some cultures value male children more than females, which is currently affecting the evenness of genders in these countries. In addition, this study give a clear estimation that in some countries parents would rather have more male babies than female ones due to cultural reasons. As a result, gender discrimination can spread through using designer babies technologies. Females will lose their rights and have minor roles. Also, the decreasing of females will affect the natural rate of propagation of humans. In the long term, the number of humans will decrease. Gender can be changed by this technology thus, it can be clearly noticed that more serious changes may happen to humans by designer babies. Furthermore, changing genes continually means completely changing the human species. Human features are represented in human genes. For example, they determine the average persons height and IQ level. However, designer babies technologies have great abilities to mold those features. By allowing designer babies technologies, those human genes will be baubles for genetics. In fact Silver said that, once genes modify a human egg; it gives the ability to someone to pass on new genetic element that was never represented in human beings to following generations. Accordingly, Continues modifying of genes to human would lead to lose lots of human features, for example normal height can be taller and IQ levels are higher. As a result, new creatures are going to be represented as having supernatural powers. Additionally, once those changes are made, they cannot be retracted because, they last forever in human genetic heritage. Consequently life is going to be hard to normal humans who cannot cope up with supernatural humans created by genetics. In conclusion, designer babies would cause many issues regarding humans. It would lead people to change their racial heritage identities shown in their babies. Moreover, it would lead to disvalue the importance of a function due to social thoughts that should not be taken into consideration. Eventually it may turn human from being humans to being other creatures. Finally, human beings are originally creative, beautiful and powerful the way they have been created. Kurt Cobain said,† wanting to be someone else is a waste of who you are†.

Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research and Current Issues

Question: Discuss about the Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research. Answer: Introduction The research article Half a Defense of PositiveAccounting research has emphasized on the contribution of positiveaccounting theory in practical life. The main aim of the research paper is to describe the significance of positive research inaccounting field and to draw attention of the researchers on some drawbacks existing in the theory. The main objective of the research paper is to illustrate the importance of positiveaccounting in enhancing the productivity and efficiency of business entities. The research paper analyses and examines the argument related to the effectiveness of positive accounting theory in achieving the scientific aims and objectives of accounting research. The overall research paper is undertaken to identify the limitations of positive accounting theory and recommend the adoption of some other better theoretical models for successful completion of accounting researches (Dunmore 2009). The research paper is of high significance as accounting researches are carried out for resolving complex accounting issues and thus adoption of theoretical models based on practical-based outcomes is very necessary. Therefore, it is highly essential that researchers identify the shortcoming of positive theory in achieving the scientific objective of accounting research (Dunmore 2009). The present paper presents an analysis of the research article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting research through summarizing its main arguments, stating the research question, discussing its theoretical framework, analyzing its significance and limitations, and at last drawing implications of the critique in the conclusion section. Summary of the Article The research article is based on analyzing the efficiency of positive accounting in conducting accounting researches. The success achieved in accounting researches through the adoption of positive accounting theory is being examined in the research article. As per the theoretical arguments presented in the paper, positive accounting theory (PAT) was developed by Watts and Zimmerman for explaining the accounting practices used by business entities. The theory as developed was claimed to be based on principles of natural sciences and thus was regarded to be highly effective in achieving the practical outcomes of accounting research (Deegan, 2014). The theory was believed to be highly efficient in explaining the actual practices of accounting as compared to normative accounting theories that only seeks to describe best accounting practices (Chatfield and Vangermeersch, 2014). However, the author in the article has pointed out that PAT theory is subject of criticism since after its merge nce in 1970s (Dunmore 2009). This is due to the various drawbacks existing in the theory illustrated by various accounting researchers that restricts it from achieving the scientific aims and objectives of accounting research. This is because there is relatively no development in the theory after is emergence and thus it is not able to provide an appropriate understanding of the contemporary accounting concepts (Wolk et al., 2012). The major finding of the research article is that positive accounting theory needs to be reformed in order to incorporate contemporary accounting issues and thus provide an appropriate explanation to the accounting practices. Also, the author has proposed that accounting researches need to adopt a better theoretical model for achieving the scientific aims and objectives of accounting research. Thus, the author has advocated the development of better accounting theories and has highlighted the scope of further development in accounting field. The development of better accounting theori es is essential for business entities so that they are able to resolve complex accounting problems appropriately. The achievement of practical-based outcomes is essential from accounting researches so that it can be tested adequately as comparison to the qualitative solution that cannot be accepted due to lack of testing (Mourik, 2013). The accounting researches need to provide a quantitative solution for the accounting problems so that business entities can test and examine it appropriately before its implementation. Thus, the overall research article has evaluated the future potential of positive accounting theory in achieving the scientific objectives of accounting research (Dunmore 2009). Research Question The overall research article is based on testing the following hypothesis: H0: Positive accounting theory is able to achieve scientific aims and objectives of accounting research. H1: Positive accounting theory is not able to achieve scientific aims and objectives of accounting research. The above hypothesis developed is tested and analyzed in the research article through evaluating the following research questions: What is the importance of positive accounting theory in enhancing the productivity and efficiency of business entities? What are the major limitations associated with the use of positive accounting theory in accounting researches? Does there exists a need for developing better and improved theoretical models for conducting accounting researches? The hypothesis and research questions developed are extracted from the literature review of the research article. The research questions and hypothesis are developed in accordance with the main arguments presented and analyzed in the literature review of the article (Dunmore 2009). Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of the research article is based on analyzing and examining the ontological and epistemological perspectives of positive accounting research. The theoretical argument presented in the paper against the use of positive theory in accounting research is based on its deficiencies to be applied in practice. The explanations provided by the use of positive accounting theory to accounting issues cannot be tested practically. The theory is mainly based on qualitative assumptions and thus the findings obtained from its adoption in accounting research cannot be applied in actual accounting practices. Thus, as such positive accounting research is mainly based on theoretical assumptions that do not provide appropriate understanding of the contemporary issues in accounting (Mourik, 2013). The theory was stated to be based on economics principles and thus it was largely used in accounting researches to achieve practical-based outcomes (Chambers and Dean, 2013). However, t he theory is rather regarded to be incapable of maintaining the objectivity of accounting researches. The objectivity of positive accounting theory is analyzed and examined in the given research article through the application of Poppers falsification criterion (Dunmore 2009). Popper has proposed the criterion for acceptance or rejection of various theoretical models in scientific basis. The procedure for analyzing a theoretical model on the basis of scientific acceptance is divided into sequence of steps. The first step involves testing the predictions of the theory through the application of empirical evidence. The predictions obtained from the theoretical models needs to be quantitative for their acceptance on scientific basis. The predictions obtained are tested on the criterion of falsification through comparing the predictions obtained from old theories. The acceptance or rejection of the theoretical model is based on outcomes achieved from testing the theoretical models. The theoretical model that fails in the test is rejected and is thus disapproved to provide scientific outcomes. The main argument that is presented in the paper against the use of positive theory in accounting research is that it does not provide any explanation regarding the metho ds that should be adopted by firms for resolving its accounting issues. The theory is mainly based on the assumptions of the late 1970s and is thus not able to provide guidance to the accountants for selecting a particular accounting method for resolving a respective issue (Dunmore 2009). The theory was regarded by Watts and Zimmerman to be based on scientific evidences but its application on various accounting researches has proved that it is largely theoretical constructed (Watts and Zimmerman, 1990). The theory as advocated by the author in the research article needs to be modified for incorporating the recent developments in the accounting field. Also, there is greater scope for development in accounting theories so that they are able to successfully conduct the scientific based accounting researches (Mattessich, 2013). Significance and Limitations of the Research Article The research paper is highly significant as it has very well examined the ontology and epistemology of positive research. The research paper has clearly demonstrated the current deficiencies in accounting research and thus ha highlighted the scope of further improvement in accounting research program. The positive accounting theory though has been largely used in accounting researches is not very effective in explaining the scientifically based accounting concepts (Ghnabari et al., 2016). Thus, the author has advocated the need for adoption of better and improved theoretical models that are able to conduct the accounting researches successfully. The theoretical models should be based on logical hypothesis testing so that they are able to maintain the objectivity of accounting researches (Abdel-Kader, 2011). The author has stated that disappointing progress made in positive accounting theory is due to use of ad-hoc quantitative molds that only depicts the relation between two variable s (Dunmore 2009). Thus, the use of such ad-hoc quantitative models does not provide an appropriate explanation of the relationship existing between two variables. Therefore, there is need for development of improved theoretical models in comparison to that of positive accounting that are able to provide practical-based outcomes in accounting researches (Wolk et al., 2012). The author also has emphasized that theoretical models that are constructed to be used in accounting researches should be rigorously tested. This is necessary so that their implications in practical life can be examined adequately before their application in accounting research program (Bovens et al., 2014). The assumptions obtained from theoretical models should be validated through the application of hypotheses testing in order to confirm the accuracy of measurements. Thus, it is essential to explore the applicability of findings obtained from theoretical models in accounting researches before their implementation. Thus, the resea rch article is highly significant as it has explored and illustrates the area of future improvement in accounting research for successfully resolving complex accounting issues of business entities (Dunmore 2009). The research study though has effectively achieved its aims and objectives but is associated with some limitations. The major limitation of the research study is that it has only a brief literature review section. Thus, the theoretical framework used by the author in achieving the aims of the study is not well presented. The research lacks a sequential flow of information that can make readers confused in gaining an understanding if the major objectives of the research study. The lack of a well-define structure may cause lack of interest in the readers and this pose to be a serious limitations of the given research article. Thus, the author needs to adopt a more comprehensive and logical format in conducting the research for arousing interest in the readers and also achieving successfully its aims and objectives (Dunmore 2009). Conclusion The major findings of the research article are summarized in the present section of the paper. The research article has proposed that current theoretical models used in accounting research are largely incapable of achieving its scientific aims and objectives. The accounting researches largely incorporate the use of positive accounting theory in attaining the scientific based outcomes of accounting researches. The author in the research article has stated that positive research though was regarded to be based on scientific principle of natural science but its use is limited in accounting researches. This is due to the fact that there is no progress made in the model of positive accounting after its mergence in 1970s. Thus, the model of positive accounting needs to be modified so that it can provide explanation into the reality of accounting practices and concepts. The research article has also highlighted the scope of further improvement in accounting field by adoption of better theor etical models in accounting researches for developing appropriate solution for accounting issues faced by business entities. Thus, the author has very well analyzed various aspects of positive accounting theory and highlighted its various deficiencies that limit its future use in accounting research program. Also, the research opens the future scope of researches that can be carried out in context of examining and analyzing the scientific basis of other theories used in accounting researches. References Abdel-Kader, M. G. 2011. Review of Management Accounting Research. Springer. Bovens, M., Goodin, R. E., and Schillemans, T. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Public Accountability. OUP Oxford. Chambers, R. J., and Dean, G. W. 2013. Chambers on Accounting: Logic, Law and Ethics. Routledge. Chatfield, M. and Vangermeersch, R. 2014. The History of Accounting (RLE Accounting): An International Encylopedia. Routledge. Deegan, C. 2014. Financial Accounting Theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dunmore, P.V. 2009. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Ghnabari, M. et al. 2016. PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and Natural Science. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 10(2), pp. 177-182. Mattessich, R. 2013. Reality and Accounting: Ontological Explorations in the Economic and Social Sciences. Routledge. Mourik, C. 2013. The Routledge Companion to Accounting, Reporting and Regulation. Routledge. Watts, R. L., and Zimmerman, J. L. 1990. Positive accounting theory: a ten year prospective. The accounting review 65(1), pp. 131-156. Wolk, H. I., et al. 2012. Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a Political and Economic Environment. SAGE.

Milk-Run Essay Example

Milk-Run Essay Milk-Run In logistics, a milk run is a round trip which facilitates both distribution and collection. Milk run The terms are defined by the customer or by the service providers. Here, the exact number of suppliers, each of which defines the available volume and weight, and the time window for collection from the respective suppliers and the time window for delivery to the customer. With consistent planning, capacity increases to an average of 90 percent can be achieved. On the round trips are either goods collected from several suppliers and transported to one customer, or goods collected from one supplier an transported to to several customers. In contrast to the groupage traffic, here is no handling, but only to transport the goods. Something more specialist, the Milk-run is described as a concept that is a sequential collection of goods from multiple sources and the direct service to the customers without intermediate handling features of the goods. As a prerequisite for the Milk-Run approach is the spatial proximity between the supplier and the customer. The procedure for development of a Milk-Run-Concept consists of the following steps: Fixation of weight and volume of suppliers in a particular region. Selection of potential Milk-Run-Suppliers based on the maximum amount of charge, delivery frequency as although volume and weight limits. Selection of Milk-Run-Suppliers because of the conditions and the Milk-Run potential. Definition of Milk-Run-Parameters to the weight and volume limits, time slots, delivery frequency and maximum number of Milk-Run-Suppliers. We will write a custom essay sample on Milk-Run specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Milk-Run specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Milk-Run specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Development and evaluation of Milk-Run-Alternatives. Specification of the Milk-Runs with respect to the fourth point under these parameters, plus the necessary contingency plans. Implementation of the Milk-Runs: Definition of a Milk-Run-Schedule, conduct supplier workshops, testing and Milk-Run-Controlling. The main benefit of Milk Runs is, according to common opinion in the literature, in the higher utilization of trucks and the resulting reduction of transport costs by up to 30 percent. In addition, the reduction of stock, both at the supplier side and at the customer side, avoidance in delays at the loading ramp, due to the consolidation of several suppliers and the specified time windows, high security planning and integration of reusable container recycling. In literature completely ignored is the less pollution of the environment, both by consolidation and the resulting higher utilization of trucks, and by the reduction of transportation vehicles, compared to JIT or groupage traffic. The disadvantages of the Milk-Run-Concept are the following points: Not all suppliers are able to implement a Milk run. The increasing dependence on road conditions. In the case of poor planning, the number of extra trips can increase, and lead to additional costs. History The phrase milk run originates in American culture, with the distribution of milk bottles by the milkman. On his daily route, the milkman simultaneously distributes the full bottles and collects the empty bottles. [6] After the completion of round trip, he returned with the empties back to the starting point. Another source is located in agriculture of the 20th Century. Until the 90s, in smaller communes, there were small collection points for milk. Since most farms had very little dairy, it was not economical for dairies to drive every single operation. Thus, the milk was transported by farmers to collection points and collected there. The milk truck then drove to the collection points ordinarily every two days at a predetermined number of collection points in a fixed order and transported the milk to the dairy. In the context of logistics in 1995, first mentioned by Meusel, that by identifying potential circular tours, the utilization of trucks could be increased and logistics costs could be reduced. Differentiation from groupage traffic The currently dominant in practice distribution concept is the groupage traffic. In contrast to the round trip, is at groupage traffic cargo collected from a logistics company at the supplier and transported to the transshipment points. There, the cargo will be consolidated and transported to the customer. This type of transport is divided into 2 cycles:[8] Pre-Run: From the suppliers to the transshipment points. Main-Run: Transportation of consolidated goods from the transshipment points to the customer. In this concept, the average utilization of transport amounts to 60-70 percent. The resulting costs and CO? emissions from empty tours and extra tours, as although bad utilized transport, are from an environmental and economic point a disadvantage.