Impact of Government Spending on the Private Sector Essay - 86

Impact of Government Spending on the Private Sector - Essay Example According to the study the increase in in consumption expenditure by the government relatively results to an increase in investments. Notably, the optimum consumption expenditure is about 300000 unit price across the years in UK. In the same manner, the U.S. government expenditure acts the same as the one of the U.K. Evidently, the steady increase in expenditure by the government has lead increased investment by the private sector to an optimum of about 2700 unit cash. The difference arises by the fact that the U.K has consumes more in terms of cash than the U.S but the pattern is quite the same. From this discussion it is clear that   the graphs indicates that an increase in government need for more goods, leads to an increase in production of the same by the investors. Hereby, when the U.K government spends more products for its citizen, the private sector has to increase their production in an almost similar rate. Though not steady, the increased spending has in the years lead to the development of private sectors. Going by this fact, we can also note that the real U.S government expenditure acts the same way. However, the difference arises in that, the U.S government has a lesser consumption rate, the investment is relatively lesser compared to that of the U.K. In this manner we can conclude that the government spending on good positively affects the private industry. The government expenditure in terms of cash per gross domestic product in viewed in relation to the gross fixed capital per gross domestic product. By the look of the table, one can clearly notice that the re lacks a particularly distinct pattern to define the graph. Each year has a different value in relation to the two per GDP/s. the lesser the government spends per unit GDP, the lesser the physical assets produced by the investors.  

Literature Review On Cervical Cancer Health And Social Care Essay

Literature Review On Cervical Cancer Health And Social Care Essay Review of literature is an essential component of a worthwhile study in any field of knowledge. It helps the investigator to gain information on what has been done previously and to gain information on what has been done previously and to gain deeper insight in to the research problem. It also helps to plan and conduct the study in systematic manner. In this chapter, the investigator has presented the available research studies and relevant literature from which the strength of the study was drawn. 1. Studies related to cervical cancer 2. Studies related to HPV vaccination. STUDIES RELATED TO CERVICAL CANCER MiocLee,C.(1999) conducted a qualitative study with eight focus groups (number of sample=102) by using eleven question derived from the health belief model. Focus group revealed that there was misinformation and a lack of knowledge about cervical cancer. The women there fore were confused about causative factors and preventive strategies related to cervical cancer. The findings showed that major structured barriers were economic and time factors. The main psychological barriers were fear, denial confusion thinking. Participants stated that medical advice and education would influence them to undergo Pap test. Recommendations were made to reduce certain barrier and to increase knowledge and motivation. Sheila,Twin. (2005) conducted a study among chinese women from a total sample of 467 in order to identify the knowledge about cervical cancer. Evident suggested that women knowledge about cervical cancer and preventive strategies are significant their screening practices. The need for further knowledge about the cervical screening and preventive measure was demonstrated. HkoLiou, Xueminling. (2009) conducted cross sectional descriptive design on responses action and health promoting behaviors among rural Taiwanese women with abnormal Pap test. The result shows that nearly 14% were diagnosed as precancerous and underwent further treatment. 24%of the women took no action during the 3 month after receiving the result. As many as 96% were not aware about localized cervical cancer. These analyzed results may prove useful in developing intervention strategies to assist women with positive Pap test results to choose treatment modalities and adopted health behaviors. STUDIES RELATED TO HPV VACCINATION Kwan,T, et .al. (2007) conducted a cross sectional community based study to explore Chinese womens perception of human papilloma virus vaccination and their intention to be vaccinated . A total of 1450 ethnic chinese women aged 18 and above who attended the health centers. The result shows about 38% of participants (n=527) had heard of HPV and about 50% (n=697) had heard of vaccination against cervical cancer. 88% of the participants(n=1219) indicate that they would likely to be vaccinated. Majority of the participants believed that sexually experienced women should be vaccinated; while27%opposed vaccinating sexually naÃÆ'Â ¯ve women. study suggested that HPV infection was perceived to be stigmatizing to intimate family and social relationships, despite misconception and a grossy inadequate knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccination, NubiaMunoz, et .al. (2007) conducted study among 17, 622 women aged 15-26 years who were enrolled in one of two randomized, placebo-controlled, efficacy trials for the HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine (first patient on December 28, 2001, and studies completed July 31, 2007). Vaccine or placebo was given at day 1, month 2, and month 6. All women underwent cervico vaginal sampling and Pap testing at day 1 and every 6-12 months there after. A result shows that vaccination was up to 100% effective in reducing the risk of HPV16and 18 related high-grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal lesions and of HPV 6 and 11-related genital warts. In the intention-to-treat group, vaccination also statistically significantly reduced the risk of any high-grade cervical lesions (19.0% reduction; rate vaccine = 1.43, rate placebo = 1.76, difference = 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13 to 0.54), vulvar and vaginal lesions (50.7% reduction; rate vaccine = 0.10, rate placebo = 0.20, difference = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.16), genital warts (62.0% reduction; rate vaccine = 0.44, rate placebo = 1.17, difference = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.87), Pap abnormalities (11.3% reduction; rate vaccine = 10.36, rate placebo = 11.68, difference = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.74 to 1.90). Conclusion of the study is High-coverage HPV vaccination programs among adolescents and young women may result in a rapid reduction of genital warts, cervical cytological abnormalities. Infectious Disease Obstetric Gynecology journal. (2006) suggested that Vaccines which protect against infection with the types of human papillomavirus (HPV) commonly associated with cervical cancer (HPV 16 and 18) and genital warts (HPV 6 and 11) are expected to become available in the near future. Because HPV vaccines are prophylactic, they must be administered prior to exposure to the virus, ideally during preadolescence or adolescence. The young age of the target vaccination population means that physicians, parents, and patients will all be involved in the decision-making process. Research has shown that parents and patients are more likely to accept a vaccine if it is efficacious, safe, reasonably priced, and recommended by a physician. Widespread education of physicians, patients, and parents about the risks and consequences of HPV infection and the benefits of vaccination will be instrumental for fostering vaccine acceptance. Andrea Licht,S, et. al. (2009) conducted study on HPV vaccination. The aims of this study were to assess HPV vaccination rates and to examine whether knowledge and risk perceptions regarding HPV were associated with the reported use of the HPV vaccine among female college students. A cross-sectional design was used among 406 women aged 18-26 years were recruited at two public universities and completed a self-administered survey. Respondents who reported having received at least one dose of HPV vaccine were classified as vaccinated (n=177, 43.6%). Responses, stratified by the receipt of HPV vaccine, were compared using descriptive statistics and multivariate models. Results based on multivariate logistic regression modeling, 18-year-old women were approximately four times more likely to report use of the HPV vaccine compared with respondents aged 19-26 years. Respondents who correctly indicated that HPV caused genital warts were 1.85 times more likely to have received at least one HP V vaccine. African American and Asian women were each less likely to be vaccinated compared with white women. Risk perception was not significantly associated with vaccine uptake, however, the majority of respondents failed accurately to recognize their high risk of both acquiring and transmitting HPV. These findings suggest knowledge deficits and misperceptions about HPV risk as potential themes for educational campaigns encouraging the greater use of the preventive HPV vaccine among this subgroup Allison Friedman,L. (2004) suggested that genital human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted virus in the united States, causing genital warts, cervical cell abnormalities, and cervical cancer in women. To inform HPV education efforts, 35 focus groups were conducted with members of the general public, stratified by gender, race/ethnicity, and urban/rural location. Focus groups explored participants knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about HPV and a hypothetical HPV vaccine as well as their communication preferences for HPV-related educational messages. Audience awareness and knowledge of HPV were low across all groups. This, along with an apparent STD-associated stigma, served as barriers to participants hypothetical acceptance of a future vaccine. Although information about HPVs high prevalence and link to cervical cancer motivated participants to learn more about HPV, it also produced audience fear and anxiety. This research suggests that HPV- and HPV-vaccine-related education efforts must be approached with extreme Raley, JC. (2004) suggested that Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the causative agent of cervical neoplasia and genital warts. A vaccine has recently been developed that may prevent infection with HPV. Vaccination for HPV may become a routine part of office gynecology. Researcher surveyed members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) to determine their attitudes to HPV vaccination. A survey was sent to Fellows of ACOG to evaluate gynecologists attitudes. Vaccine acceptability was analyzed by using 13 scenarios with the following dimensions and respective attributes: age of patient (13, 17 and 22 years); efficacy of vaccine (50% or 80%); ACOG recommendation (yes or no); and disease targeted (cervical cancer, warts or both). Each scenario was rated by means of an 11-point response format (0 to 100). Responses were evaluated using conjoint analysis. Results of 1200 surveys that were sent out, 181 were returned and included in our analysis. ACOG recommendation w as considered the most important variable in vaccine distribution (importance score = 32.2), followed by efficacy (24.5), age (22.4) and, lastly, disease targeted (20.9). Of these variables, higher efficacy was favored; preference was given to age 17 years, with a strong disinclination to vaccinate at age 13 years; and protection against cervical cancer, or genital warts, or both. Demographic characteristics of the gynecologists (i.e., age of physician, gender, and practice setting and community size) did not play an important role in the decision to recommend vaccination. Professional society recommendation is important for acceptability of a potential HPV vaccine. Gynecologists are willing to include this vaccine in their practice. Chun Chao, et. al (2007) conducted study among 34,193 female who initiate HPV vaccination. The aim of the study was to examine the rate and correlate the completion of HPV vaccination. The result shows that the completion rate was 41.9% among age group between 9- to 17-year and 47.1% in the 18- to 26-year. Black race 95% confidence interval and lower neighborhood education level were associated with lower regimen completion. A history of sexually transmitted diseases, abnormal Pap test results, and immune-related conditions were not associated with HPV vaccination regimen completion. Caron, et. al. (2008) conducted a cross sectional study among college women, the study reveals that cervical cancer is primarily caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women. Purpose: College women may be at risk for contracting HPV based on their sexual behavior. An exploratory analysis was conducted, following the release of the HPV vaccine, Gardasil[R], the am of the study is to (1) determine awareness of HPV and Gardasil[R], (2) assess attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs about the HPV vaccine, (3) identify information sources that college women are accessing. Methods: A cross-sectional study of college women (n=293) enrolled in a Northeastern university voluntarily completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs about correlations, and paired sample t-tests. Results: Sexually active respondents would recommend the HPV vaccine to others and disagree that HPV vac cination would encourage risky sexual behavior. Yet, need more information is the predominant reason respondents would not get the HPV vaccine if it were offered for free. Discussion: Correlations are identified on how self-reported knowledge influenced attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs regarding the HPV vaccine. These findings should assist health educators in developing integrated public health education efforts for HPV vaccination that are targeted towards this at-risk population.

Justice Essay -- essays research papers

Justice When the question is asked "Can we live in a just world?" In effect it is asking us a variety of things. "Can there be justice for all?" and "Can there be equality for all people?". The answer to this question is no. Unfortunately we live in a world where justice has never really transpired. The first justice that I would like to speak about is personal justice. Blessed are those reared in a household innocence of the deadly sin of envy. Their lives will be tormented by a grinding resentment that they are not beautiful, or famous, or favored with gifts of fortune. They will not demand as a natural right or an entitlement of personal equality with everybody under the sun; nor maintain that their opinions are as good as anybody else's. They will not covet a neighbors' goods. And thus they may come to know peace of soul. The injustice of equality 10/15/93 The point of this statement is not to say that envy makes equality. When we wish for "personal equality" with people, we wish to deny what we really are and allow for superficialness. We become so obsessed with our possessions that we forget who we are and the beauty of our differences. Aristole said that "it is unjust to treat unequal things equally". All people are different, that is exactly what makes us human, so when we treat people entirely the same, we deny their identity. For example that does not mean that I should not treat all people with respect, but I fee...

Introducing the National Multiple Sclerosis Society into Singapore Essa

Introducing the National Multiple Sclerosis Society into Singapore The National Multiple Sclerosis Society is a non- profit organization that supports MS related research and provides programs for people with MS and their families. Multiple Sclerosis is an auto- immune disease. It is a chronic and often disabling disease that attacks the central nervous system. The mission statement of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is to end the devastating effects of multiple sclerosis. The funds that are provided by the society are used in research, programs, and education. The Society helps to raise the awareness of Multiple Sclerosis around the world. (Reference 6) The Multiple Sclerosis Society is a worldwide organization that provides service to many different countries. One area of the world that the MS Society lacks in involvement is Southeastern Asia. MS does not appear in Asia nearly as much as in North America and Europe, but there are relevant cases. There are other parts of Asia such as Japan and India that have MS Societies. MS is also scarce in those areas and their societies are not as large as other chapters of NMSS, but it has been found that they are necessary. The Japanese society has 31 members and about 5000 people who have MS but are not involved in the society. In India the society has approximately 1005 members and 1000 people on record that have MS. (Reference 7) Putting a MS society in Southeastern Asia would be best suited in the country of Singapore. Singapore is a very prosperous country and has many international links. According to one source Chan Tse Chueen funding for non-profit organizations is very prevalent in Singapore. In Singapore there are three sources of funding. The first being the State that gives funds to social welfare organizations and research institutes. The government tries to encourage donations by pledging to match dollar – for- dollar that is raised. The second source is the corporate sector. Many corporations set up foundations and trust funds and also have donations as contribution in kinds. Companies in Singapore such as IBM Singapore and Hewlett Packard Company are dedicated to providing philanthropy to local organizations. The last source of funding is the civic sector. As the people of Singapore become more affluent more funds become available.(Reference 2) The marketing plan for NMSS in Singapore... ...n and benefit in that country. Conclusion Introducing the National Multiple Sclerosis Society into Singapore has its good sides and bad. The MS Society could benefit from the prosperous economy of Singapore and government and corporate support, but the factors that may not work are there may not be enough people in Singapore to benefit (not many with MS), also if societies are not exempt from taxes that may lead to financial problems for the society. Charities must incorporate the poor and societies are people who have common ends in this case Multiple Sclerosis. It would be difficult to change the MS society to a charity. It is certainly possible to introduce NMSS to other countries and many already have them. Even though NMSS in Singapore has its down side it might be able to work with some adaptation. References CIA World Fact Book 2000. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ Civicus. http://www.civicus.org/pages/singapihtml About HR. http://www.abouthr.com ChangeX: Currency Calculator. http://www.numa.com ExpatSingapore. http://www.expatsingapore.com National Multiple Sclerosis Society Fact Sheet World of Multiple Sclerosis. http://www.ifmss.org.uk/

Siddhartha

Many novels and other pieces of literature, contain a main character that has difficulty finding happiness and solutions to their problems. In Siddhartha, the main character Siddhartha, is born into his fathers social class but finds himself not pleased with his religion nor happiness, so he goes on a journey hoping to find comfort within himself. Like Siddhartha the main character in the Razors Edge, Larry Darnell questions his religion, and everyday decisions. Both Larry Darnell and Siddhartha break off from their original society to go on expeditions in hope to find answers to their unanswered concerns, and to find enlightenment. Both characters willingly give up things in order to reach their goal. Siddhartha leaves his father and his father’s power in their community.†¯ Siddhartha’s father, a Brahmin leader, has much power which makes him able to provide for Siddhartha well.†¯ Siddhartha does not like the ways his father is living and is dissatisfied with his father’s religious beliefs because he sees that his father and his followers are not reaching enlightenment so he feels that it would not make sense to follow a method that obviously is not working.†¯ He and his best friend, Govinda, decide to commence on a journey to find a way of life that is satisfying to them. Making the decision to leave his family and home must have been a very hard choice to make for such a young man to make. Later on in the book, Siddhartha leaves even more of his loved ones behind in his exploration for enlightenment.   He departs from his friend Govinda when Govinda feels that he is content with the samanas and their teachings and Siddhartha feels that he must experience life for his own in order to find inner happiness.   Govinda is Siddhartha’s best friend and was with him through the toughest of times. Siddhartha loves Govinda, but knows that it was in the best interest of both of them to part ways. Additionally, Siddhartha feels the need to let his only child, whom he loves dearly, to go off on his own and experience life’s qualities for himself just like how Siddhartha did during his own childhood. Although he knows it is the right thing to do, Siddhartha feels a natural love towards his newly discovered son and is dreadfully heartbroken by his absence.   Likewise, Larry Darrell willingly gives up a lot of things for his hunt towards world knowledge and inner happiness. Larry gives up Isabel, the woman he’s known and loved since he was a child with no parents, because she wanted a life of luxury and wealth.   Larry did not want that because he wanted to live a modest life where he lives off of the rush that comes with learning and living freely and not trapped in a life full of materialism and capital gain.   He believes that money is not necessary and even goes to the extent of declining a lavish job offer from his best friend’s father. He would have been one of Mr. Maturin’s stock brokers and he would have been practically guaranteed huge sums of money and would have been able to support Isabel to the standard of living that she is used to.   Also, Larry gives up his friend Yosti to focus on his goal.   He and Yosti become great friends when they room together at the mines and go looking for farm work together.   Larry feels that it is his time to move on and abandons Yosti at a farm.   Though in the end it paid off, both characters willingly gave up things in order to reach enlightenment. Both characters gain knowledge while on their quest.   Siddhartha learns a lot from his young son. His son taught him about the true meaning of love. Siddhartha started out on his journey with the thought that you do not need to love everything because some things just are not lovable. His son taught him that you must love everything and yourself to respect the world and everything inside of it.   Siddhartha feels a natural love toward his son and was utterly heartbroken when the time came when he had to let his son go. His son is not the only person that affected him, for the river also had quite an impact on Siddhartha.   The river showed him that time does not really exist and that everything always comes back around. Siddhartha is relieved by this idea because the stresses that time brings are now suddenly lifted off from him.   The idea that everything comes back around is paralleled to Siddhartha’s life because he left his father to go and explore life on his own and now his own son does the same. Siddhartha also learns the difference between knowledge and wisdom and the difference between seeking and finding.   He comes to the conclusion at the end of the novel that â€Å"Knowledge can be communicated, but not wisdom† (Hesse 142) and that â€Å"Seeking means: to have a goal; but finding means: to be free, to be receptive, to have no goal† (Hesse 140).   Correspondingly, Larry is affected by people as well. He meets a yogi and brings him questions about god and evil. The yogi teaches him about the Hindu religion and explains to Larry that â€Å"evil is as a direct a manifestation of the divine as the good† (Maugham 114).   Larry is greatly affected by the yogi and takes the information that the yogi shared with him for the rest of his journey. He is also influenced by reading books. He gains worldly knowledge from reading and uses it to his advantage.   He reads about all kinds of philosophies and ideas that bring him to question religion and God.   Larry also learns from experiences.   He decides to leave his friends in Chicago and live in Paris to simply clear his mind and get his thoughts straight.   He also goes to work in a coal mine, a job of which many people would despise having, just to see what it’s like to have some manual labor under his belt.   Most â€Å"people would think [he is] crazy† (Maugham 46) for doing unnecessary hard labor like Larry does, but that doesn’t seem to bother him.   He later went on a 5 year expedition starting in a monastery in Germany and ending with a Hindu yogi in India where he lived â€Å"with calmness, forbearance, compassion, selflessness, and continence† (Maugham 279). This makes him decide to ditch Christianity and makes him very open to Hindu beliefs.   Larry also learns a lot from his time served in World War I.   He was a pilot and him and his best friend, Patsy, got into a dogfight in the air and Patsy literally took a bullet for Larry and died. This event is truly when Larry begins to question religion and God.   Overall, Larry and Siddhartha are greatly influenced by others while going through his journey and learn a lot along the way. Siddhartha and Larry have great effects on other people on their path to enlightenment.   They never seem to shy away from sharing their knowledge with those who will listen. Siddhartha influences his longtime friend Govinda by explaining to him all that he has learned on his voyage. He tells Govinda the meaning and importance of love, seeking and wisdom. When Siddhartha goes in depth about love he describes how a person must love themselves in order to be grateful for anything else that exists in the world. Siddhartha picks up a rock acknowledging how he loves this rock: â€Å"it is a stone, because today and now it appears to me a stone. I see value and meaning in each of its fine mark ings and cavities in the yellow in the gray in the hardness and the sound of it† (Hesse 145).   This lesson has a huge impact for Govinda, and he â€Å"bow[es] low. Incontrollable tears trickl[e] down his old face† (Hesse 151).   Govinda is truly inspired by the teachings and his knowledge about the world. Govinda is just one of the people that he influenced. Siddhartha has an effect on his friend Kamala. Kamala is a very materialistic person and Siddhartha opens her eyes to the idea that material goods are not the most important things in life. She is inspired by this thought and takes a page from his book to further her learning.   She then becomes pregnant with Siddhartha’s son and raises him under Buddhist beliefs and eventually dies in an attempt to travel to meet Buddha himself.   In general, Siddhartha has a positive effect on people that he has encountered with along his journey. Equally, Larry has positive effects on several people along his journey. Larry affects Isabel when she sabotages her own plan to make Larry think that she was pregnant. She thinks of him as being too innocent and sweet to do anything menacing to him. He also makes her question her marriage with Gray because she still loves Larry.   Furthermore, Larry makes a strong attempt to change Sophie.   After her husband and child’s sudden death, Sophie turns to drugs and alcohol to ease her pain. Larry puts Sophie’s problems on his back and helps rehabilitate her and even asked for her hand in marriage.   She accepts his proposal but then relapses and goes back to her bad habits. Although he ultimately failed, Larry still put in a great effort in helping Sophie.   Larry also affects Suzanne by taking her off of the streets and taking care of her when she needed it the most.   Larry finds her and feels that he is obligated to help her so he briefly gives her and her young daughter a home to live in, money and accompanies them through all of this to ensure that they are all right. Larry gives Suzanne hope and the two of them become very close, close enough that Larry tells her about his scarring experiences in World War I. Towards the end of their relationship they have sex and then the next morning Larry decides that Suzanne is ready to get back on her feet and leaves her with money and good people to surround herself with. He leaves her with a pleasing life which she greatly appreciates. As a whole, Larry and Siddhartha are influential in many people’s lives and truly become teachers. People reach enlightenment in different ways.   Siddhartha reaches enlightenment by experiencing all aspects of life and being very open minded so he is not a seeker and is a finder.   Larry Darrell reaches enlightenment by reading, loafing, helping others, questioning religion, and keeping his personal space.   Both characters learn, teach, and sacrifice during their journey towards happiness and both characters evidently reach their goal in the end.

The Preventing Workplace Discrimination

a. People with disabilities or drug abuse problems can be accommodated in several ways. It is especially important to accommodate those with disabilities. The physical workplace setup can for example be arranged in such a way to be more accessible to the blind or wheelchair bound. Those with hearing disabilities can be accommodated by providing interpreters during meetings or interactions with the rest of the workplace staff. In terms of drug abuse, programs and workshops focusing on the problem, its consequences and its management can be offered. If not voluntary, such persons can be forced to attend under threat of losing their jobs. b. Personality, attitude toward work, and future upward mobility are very important considerations for hiring future employees. In terms of the first, it is important to consider whether the employee will be better suitable for teamwork or individual tasks, for example. The personality in this case will determine which requirements the employee will be best suited for, and must be aligned with the requirements of the job being applied for. Attitude towards work is probably the most important consideration. An employee with a positive attitude is much more valuable and more likely to succeed in any job situation than one with a negative attitude. Upward mobility is a consideration that will carry particular weight according to the nature of the job being applied for. An employee that is upwardly mobile will probably be more motivated to perform well than one who is not. c. I believe that Title VII can and will override the employment environment and conditions in a written employment contract. The reason for this is that an employee signing a contract may be unaware of the current legislation regarding such conditions. An employee's willingness to work under certain conditions does not change the law regarding these conditions. It is the job of the employer to educate him- or herself regarding the newest legislation, and complying with this. Non-compliance can result in legal problems and a negative public image for the company.

Customer Satisfaction Towards Islamic Banking Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2999 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The word bank characteristically refers to a financial intermediary that providing deposit facility and whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and borrow and lend money. (Wikipedia, 2010) Islamic banking is a system of banking or banking activity that performs the same functions as the conventional system but is constrained by the rules and principles (sharia). Sharia prohibits transaction of payment or acceptance of interest fees for the lending and accepting of money severally, commonly called Riba for specific terms, such as investing in businesses that provide goods or services considered contrary to its principles (Haraam, forbidden). Riba is an Arabic word for the predetermined return on the use of money or excessive interest. Although these principles were used as the basis prosperous economy in the early era, it is only in the late 20th century, an Islamic bank set up Muslim communities to apply these principles within the private or semi-private commercial institutions. (Wikipedia, 2010) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Customer Satisfaction Towards Islamic Banking Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In 1970, Islamic banking was almost unknown and considered to be fond dream. But in the twenty-first century, Islamic banking has become a substantial and fastest growing industry. The size of the industry, which was equivalent to several hundred thousand dollars in 1975, had reached several billions of dollars by 2004. On the Shariah-compliant, it is estimated between the value of total global US$200 billion and US$500 billion and is growing at an average annual rate of 10-15 percent. It is estimated that Islamic banks will control about Muslims savings from the 40-50 percent by 2009/2010, for the population of Muslims in the world in 2006 has been calculated at more than 1.2 billion. (Zaher and Hassan, 2001) According to Wilson (1995) states that Islamic banking is no longer considered as a commercial entity only to the Muslim communitys religious obligations, but more importantly, as a business it is inevitable in the care needs for winning over customers at the same time as reserving the old ones. (Wilson, 1995; Dusuki and Abdullah, 2007) By the principle, Islamic banking is also different from the conventional banking system. Riba has the same meaning as payment of interest. It is strictly forbid in Islamic banking. A few verses from the Quran, Allah is no doubt emphasized that addicting in Riba is like the invitation of the war against Allah and His Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). He is also clearly distinction between Riba and profit and also determined not to be confused between this indoctrination. Furthermore, Quran also clearly determines that to make a profit must be earned in exchange from goods and services, but not from the exchange of money itself. Islamic banks have emerged from the fundamental need to achieve this basic right of Muslims to comply with Islamic principles of banking services. (Khan et al, 2008) ISLAMIC BANKING IN MALAYSIA The Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (Bank Islam, or BIMB) was started back in July 1, 1983 with the establishment of the first Islamic banking in Malaysia. BIMB was set up primarily to aid the financial needs of the countrys Muslims and to further stretch its services and products to the whole population at large. BIMB also was established after enacting of the Islamic Banking Act (IBA) in 1983, the IBA allowed the establishment of the first Islamic Bank in Malaysia. BIMB with a paid in capital of RM 79.9 million and an initial authorised capital of RM 500 million is carrying out its activities in an interest free basis. The bank was gradually increased its authorized and paid in capital to RM 2 billion and RM 563 million severally. In 1993, commercial banks, merchant banks and finance companies were allowed to offer Islamic banking products and services under the Islamic Banking Scheme (IBS). There are required to establish Syariah advisory committees or consultants to advise them and to ensure that the operations and activities of the bank comply with Shariah principles. (Wikipedia, 2010) BASIC CONCEPTS IN ISLAMIC BANKING The basic concepts in Islamic banking, there are some various Syariah principles used in the diverse range of Islamic banking products. The principles concerned are: Al- Wadiah principle (savings) In Al-Wadiah (safekeeping), a bank is considered as a keeper and trustee of funds. This is use under the savings and current accounts. An individual to make a deposit funds in the bank and the bank guarantees refund of the whole amount of deposit, or any part of the outstanding amount, when the depositor requires for it. The depositor, at the banks decided, may be encouraged and rewarded with hibah (gift) as a form of gratitude for the use of funds by the bank. It is similar to Demand Deposit in an interest-based conventional bank. There are two type of Wadiah, which are Wadiah yad amanah (safe custody-trust) and Wadiah yad dhamanah (guaranteed custody). Al- Mudharabah principle (profit loss sharing) Mudharabah is an arrangement or agreement between a capital provider and an entrepreneur, accordingly the entrepreneur can transfer funds for its business activity. Any profits earn will be shared between the capital provider and the entrepreneur whereby to an agreed ratio while losses are endure solely by the capital provider. Al- Musharakah principle (joint venture) This concept is normally utilized for business partnerships or joint ventures. The profits earn are shared on an agreed ratio between the partner. While the losses occurred it will be divided based on the equity participation ratio. Al- Murabahah principle (cost plus) This concept refers to the selling of goods at a price, which includes a profit margin agreed by both parties. The purchase and selling price, other costs and the profit margin must be clearly stated at the time of the sale agreement. Al- Bai Bithanman Ajil principle (deferred payment sale) Bai Bithanman Ajil (BBA) is refers to the selling of goods on a put off payment basis at a price, which includes a profit margin agreed to by both parties. It concept commonly is used for financing the acquisition of assets. Besides that, interest payment can be averted as the customer is paying the selling price which is not similar interest charged on a loan. The payment usually is based on an instalment basis payable over longer periods compared to murabahah facility repayment. Ljarah Thumma Al Bai principle (hire purchase) Al Ljarah Thumma Al Bai (AITAB) is lease agreement incorporating sale of leased assets at the end of the lease tenure. In this concept, there are involved two contracts. The first contract is Ljarah contract (leasing/renting) and the second is Bai contract (sale/purchase). Qard al Hasan principle (benevolent loan/ interest-free loan) In this, a loan is prolonged on a goodwill basis and the borrower is only needed to repay the amount borrowed. However, the borrower may at his or her discretion, pay an extra amount (without promising it) as a token of appreciation. Hibah principle (gift) Hibah is a token given voluntarily. The voluntarily payment of returns is pay by the bank to their saving accountholders. This also is a way for Islamic bank to be competitive with the conventional bank. In addition, the rate of hibah is cannot be declared up-front as otherwise this would be similar to riba or interest. (Wikipedia, 2010) BACKGROUND OF STUDY This study has been carried out to determine in customers perception towards Islamic banking. So that, there are some variable will affect customers perceptions towards Islamic banking in this main purpose of study. Based on today research, most study are referring to quality and services, staffs attitude, interest rate, professional advice, convenience, internet banking, and banks reputation and satisfaction level between Muslims and non-Muslims customer. PROBLEM STATEMENT This purpose of research wills explores and evaluates on some topics which are important information about the Islamic banking system. These kinds of knowledge are becomes an important role to helping customers to clear about the Islamic bank and their perception towards Islamic bank. Haque, Osman, and Islamil (2009) studied in factor influence selection of Islamic banking found that most of the respondents were not familiar with Islamic banking products and services. Therefore, the first problem statement is some of the customers still cant unable to differentiate the products and services that provided by Islamic banking. Nowadays, those customers are also confusing the functions that provided between Islamic banking system and conventional banking system. The second problem statement which is nowadays there are some customers think about that the Islamic banking is just provide the products and services to Muslim and not to non-Muslim. So that, in this research is to make rectify for those customers mindset towards Islamic banking because those customers involve the concept of error. Therefore, the research question which is What are the factors that will affect customers perceptions towards Islamic banking? RESEARCH OBJECTIVE The research objective of this study is to find out the variable that will affect customers satisfaction level towards Islamic banking. To investigate the relationship between quality of services and the satisfaction level of Muslims or non-Muslims customer. To explore the relationship between staffs attitude and the satisfaction level of Muslims or non-Muslims customer. To examine the relationship between interest rate and the satisfaction level of Muslims or non-Muslims customer. To determine the relationship between professional advice and the satisfaction level of Muslims or non-Muslims customer. To investigate the relationship between convenience and the satisfaction level of Muslims or non-Muslims customer. To explore the relationship between internet banking and satisfaction level of Muslims or non-Muslims customer. To examine the relationship between banks reputation and satisfaction level of Muslims or non-Muslims customer. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY This research can provide the variables which is affecting the relationship between satisfaction level of Muslims and non-Muslims customer towards Islamic banking. Through this study, customer will have a clearly picture about Islamic banking system and their products and services. Such as, the basic concepts in lslamic banking, there are some various syariah principles used in the diverse range of Islamic banking is clearly presented in this research. In addition, this research also will provide some insight of customers perceptions that arouse positive attitude towards Islamic banking. It will influence the customer to use the products and services or not. Besides that, this study will bring out a lot of useful information to the Islamic banking which are the customers preferences on the products and services that provided by them. Therefore, the Islamic banking can more understand their customers needed. SCOPE OF STUDY This scope of study will focus on perception of all the Muslim or non-Muslim residents who are state in Malacca. By conducting this research, those who are under 18 years old are not conducted in this research because they are still unable to apply the products or services by the bank. This research will distribute minimum 200 pieces of surveys forms around Bukit Beruang, Melaka Raya and Ayer Keroh areas. In this research, is to investigate what are the variables that will affect the customers satisfaction level towards Islamic banking in market. LIMITATION OF STUDY The first limitation of this study is the limitation of time. Within the short period of four months, I dont really have a proper time to do my research. As this research are required to find lots of journals, articles and other relevant information, etc. Due to the time of customize, I was unable to perform a better quality for my research. The second limitation is some of the respondents who are lack of knowledge about Islamic banking or they have limited knowledge of banking system, so they will simplified answered the questions. In addition, some respondents who are rushing time and no read through the questions and make an answered. ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH PROJECT There will be five chapters in this research: Chapter one is covering the introduction of the research topic and the research of the background study. A problem statement is clearly states the research problem that need to be solved and the research objective are writing about the purpose of this research. Besides that, signification of study, scope of study, limitation of study and the organization of research project also included in this chapter. Chapter two is writing about literature review. Literature review also can be defined as a summary or overview of journals that related to this research topic customers perception towards Islamic banking. Those journals are will bring out clearly information and knowledge about the Islamic banking. Chapter three is about the research methodology. It will present theoretical framework, hypothesis development, research design and sampling and data collection. The model specification and estimation procedures will be prepare in theoretical framework. In the research design, that questionnaire have been created for survey those target prospects. Then for the sampling and data collection, it is the definition of the dependent and independent variables and sources of data. Chapter four is the data analysis for this research project. The data analysis is a process of collection, research, transformation, modelling and prominent objective data, and useful information to show the result to support the decision-making. Moreover, Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) Software Version 16 will be used in this chapter to calculate and analyse the data, which are frequency, reliability, coefficients, and T-test method. Chapter five have involved the discussion, limitation, recommendation for future study, social contribution, and the overall conclusion of this research study. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter two is about literature review. I will review other journals that relevant to this research topic. In the 2.2, those journals are investigating the demographic affect the consumers satisfaction level. In the 2.3, those journals are investigating the quality and services. In the 2.4, those journals are discussing staffs attitude. In the 2.5, those journals are indicating interest rate. In the 2.6, those journals are investigating professional advice. In the 2.7, those journals are discussing convenience. In the 2.8, those journals are indicating internet banking. In the 2.9, those journals are discussing banks reputation. 2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC Demographic variables which are gender, age, household income, educational level, and occupation are considered to be important role in customers adoption behaviour in banking. (Wan, Luk, Chow, 2005) 2.2.1 RELIGION AND KNOWLEDGE According to Haque, Osman, and Ismail (2009), religion and knowledge are playing an important role to select a bank. Researcher found that most of the customer lack of knowledge about the Islamic banking products like Muderaba, Murabahah, Wadiah etc., but they will buy these products for the reason of religion. Metawa and Almossawi (1998) found the religion was the primary factor affect customers perception in the selection of Islamic banking system and not the return on their investment. Most of the customers were recognising from the fundamental products and services of Islamic banks but they dun have the knowledge about complex Islamic financial system. Naser et al., (1999) do a survey showed that most of the customers just have a little knowledge about the specific products like Mudarabah and Murabahah. But most of the customers do not use these products before. 2.2.2 AGE GROUP 2.3 QUALITY AND SERVICES Lewis and Booms, (1983); Lehtinen and Lehtinen, (1982); Gronroos, (1984); Parasuraman et al., (1985, 1988, 1994) stated service quality is the outcome of the comparison customers make between the services what they expect (expectation) and what they actually receive (perception). Cronin and Taylor, (1992) said that service quality is an important factor of customer satisfaction. Parasuraman et al. (1988) used the SERVQUAL method to measuring the service quality of a firm and representing five dimensions: reliability, responsiveness, tangibles, assurance, and empathy. According to Othman and Owen (2001a), the SERVQUAL was affords technology techniques for measuring and managing service quality. So it has proven to be the most popular tools for measuring service quality. Compared to other service industries, Islamic banking industry operate under different principles and cultures. Therefore an extra dimension must be added to the SERVQUAL method. The developed an instrument called CARTER. It is to measure service quality in Islamic banking. Besides that, to the existing five dimensions in SERVQUAL; CARTER combines with an extra dimension which is Compliance with Islamic Law. This five dimensions which are run-on Islamic law and principles, no interest neither paid nor taken on savings and loans, provision of Islamic products and services, provision of free interest loans and provision of profit- sharing products. Kuwait Finance House (KFH), Othman and Owen (2001b) used this model to measure and managing the important of service quality in the Islamic banking industry. They found that quality, satisfaction and service encounter have a positive link. The finding certified the legality of this model for measuring quality of services in Islamic banks. Furthermore, all of CARTERs six dimensions were rated highly by KFH customers. CARTERs six dimensions were conceptualised as a proposed framework for measuring quality of services in Islamic banks. Table 1: CARTERs six dimensions as follows: DIMENSIONS DEFINITION COMPLIANCE Means the ability to comply with Islamic Law and operate under the principles of Islamic banking and economy. ASSURANCE Means the knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to convery trust and confidence. It also includes verbal and written communication between bank staff and customers. RELIABILITY Means the ability to perform the promised service, dependability and accuracy. TANIBLES Means the appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication materials. EMPATHY Means caring, individualised attention which the Islamic bank provides for its customers. RESPONSIVENESS Means the willingness to help customers and provide prompt service. Sorce: Othman and Owen (2001a) 2.4 STAFFS ATTITUDE 2.5 INTEREST RATE 2.6 PROFESSIONAL ADVICE Lorienc (2003) showed that most of the customers make a transaction were likely used the face-to-face interaction with the tellers or banks staff. Their researchs result found that 87 percent of customers were used to visit cashier, 83 percent were visit ATM, and 3 percent were uses internet banking. The suggested from researcher was the banks must have to keep their management staff highly trained and professional if the banks want to have best competition with their opponent. Its because they have to attract and satisfy their customer with direct interaction. 2.7 CONVENIENCE 2.8 INTERNET BANKING 2.9 BANKS REPUTATION Haque, Osman, and Ismail (2009) state that banks name and reputation are strongly affect customer selecting a bank. They investigate that reputation and image factor are demonstrated as one of the important criteria in the banking selection decision.

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